Kulephereka kapena kupezeka kwa zoterezi kumaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwakukulu pa chikhalidwe cha wodalira. Munthu amene amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amayesetsa kuti asangalale ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti munthu asokonezeke mu ubongo. Mmene dongosolo la manjenje likuyendera kuchititsitsimutso limachepa ndi nthawi, zomwe zimabweretsa chitukuko cha kulekerera - kufunikira koonjezera mlingo kukwaniritsa chofunika.
Matendawa
Kuthetsedwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza ubongo kumaphatikizapo maonekedwe a zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadalira mtundu wa mankhwala:
- psychostimulants - nkhawa, kupanikizika, kugona kwa nthawi yaitali;
- zotsitsimula - nkhawa, kunjenjemera, kugwedezeka;
- chamba - kusadziletsa, kukwiya, kusowa tulo, kusowa kwa kudya, kulemera;
- heroin - zizindikiro zosiyana maganizo komanso zakuthupi.
Kukula kwa kudalira mankhwala kumakhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zingapo zamaganizo, kuphatikizapo maluso ndi umunthu wa munthu aliyense:
- zilakolako zowonongeka - zikhoza kuwuka, mwachitsanzo, mu mgwirizano wa kusuta ndi chakudya;
- Makhalidwe aumwini - zizindikiro zomwe zilipo ndizofunikira kuwalimbikitsa ndi mtundu wa momwe angayesere;
- Zomwe anthu amakhala nazo - pakupanga kudalira ndi ntchito yaikulu yomwe amachitidwa ndi khalidwe lovomerezeka m'madera ozungulira.
Anthu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ali achinyamata, nthawi zambiri amuna. Chitsanzo choyamba ndi chitukuko choyamba cha kudalira pa mankhwala omwe amavomereza "movomerezeka" - mowa ndi chikonga, zomwe nthawi zina zimayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chamba, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Kawirikawiri chinthu chodalira ndi mankhwala omwe amalola (nicotine, mowa kapena ngakhale tiyi wamphamvu ndi khofi) kapena oletsedwa (chamba, heroin). Zambiri mwazoletsedwa ndi chamba. Malinga ndi chiwerengero, achinyamata ambiri osakwanitsa zaka 25 kamodzi kamodzi pamoyo wawo anayesa chamba. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ecstasy, LSD ndi cocaine m'nthaŵi yathu yakhala chidziwitso cha wotulukira achinyamata.
Mbiri
Vuto la kugonjera mankhwala kumakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali. M'zaka za XVII-XVIII, kumwa vinyo kunali kosavuta kuposa kumwa madzi wamba. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, opiamu ingagulidwe mu golosale. M'zaka za m'ma 50 mpaka 60 zapitazo, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi amphetamines, omwe nthawi zambiri ankalangizidwa chifukwa cha zachipatala, komanso mabomba. Mu 1975, chiwerengero cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mtendere, chitetezo ndi kuyambitsa chinayamba. Pakalipano, madokotala samapereka mankhwalawa chifukwa chakuti akhoza kukhala oledzera ndi kudalira.
Mankhwala osakanizidwa oletsedwa ndi awa:
- psychostimulants (amphetamines, ecstasy, chamba ndi cocaine);
- zotsitsimula (ziphuphu, ziphuphu, heroin);
- hallucinogens (LSD).
Kusiyana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nkhanza (pokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi osayenera), makamaka, kuchuluka kwa kudalira komanso zotsatira za kuvomereza kwawo. Ndizozoloŵera kulankhula za nkhanza zikachitika pamene mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina komanso moyo wawo wonse. Ambiri amavomereza kuti kuchitiridwa nkhanza kungaganizidwe pamene, chifukwa cha kumwa mowa nthawi zonse, munthu ndi chilengedwe chake ali ndi mavuto kapena zakuthupi.
Zizindikiro za kuledzera
Anthu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo angathe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana mofanana. Zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zingaphatikizepo kusintha kwa khalidwe, kuwonjezeka kwa tulo, kusungulumwa, kukhumudwa, kusintha kwadzidzidzi, kusala kudya, kusowa chidwi pa maphunziro ndi zosangalatsa. Inde, zizindikiro izi zingakhale ndi zifukwa zina. Chizindikiro chotheka chingakhale kuchepetsa kwa ophunzira, komanso kusungiramo siringi ndi singano. Podziwa kuti mwana wanu akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, nkofunika kuti musagwedeze ndodo. Achinyamata ambiri akuyesa kusuta chamba, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Chithandizo
Chinthu choopsa ndicho kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, njira zopambana zimaperekedwa zosiyanasiyana. Ndondomeko ya mankhwala imapangidwa mogwirizana ndi dokotala. Pofuna kuthetsa vuto la khalidwe lomwe likugwirizana ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mungafunike thandizo la katswiri wa zamaganizo. Pamene vuto la somatic limayamba chifukwa cha kusuta chamba, kumwa mowa kapena heroin, nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuyitana kwa akatswiri ena. Makhalidwe apamwamba a kukonzanso kudalira ndi kuwonjezeka kwachitsimikizo chosiya chizoloŵezi choipa, kupereka zidziwitso njira zothandiza zogonjetsera, ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, mankhwala opatsirana. Mlingo wa kuvulaza kumwa mankhwala ndi wosiyana. Zimadalira, makamaka, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wodwalayo. Kusuta kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo ndi kulephera mtima. Mowa kapena mowa mwauchidakwa ungayambitse mavuto oipa. Kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumayambitsa mavuto ambiri. Kudalira mtundu uliwonse kumapangitsa munthu kunyenga, wodzikonda komanso wokhoza kusokoneza ena.
Mphamvu ya psyche imadalira mtundu wa mankhwala: chamba - mwa anthu ena ntchito yake siimayambitsa mavuto, koma izi zimachititsa ngozi zoopsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosuta kwambiri chiwonongeko kungayambitse m'maganizo ovuta kwambiri a maganizo. Ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosatha, pangakhale kuchepa kwa chilakolako cha kugonana ndi kuphwanya kukhoza kulingalira; mu heroin - kumwa mankhwalawa kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha imfa chifukwa cha kupitirira malire. Zotsatira zina zingaphatikizepo matenda opuma ndi kudzimbidwa. Komabe, vuto lalikulu liri mu njira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka ntchito: kugwiritsa ntchito ma syringe omwe ali nawo limodzi ndi singano nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kachilombo ka HIV, matenda a chiwindi; Kusokoneza bongo - pali deta pa imfa ya achinyamata pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, mwina chifukwa cha kutaya thupi kwa thupi.
Pali umboni wodalirika wakuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kudziwa "mankhwala ovomerezeka" kumayambiriro. Ngati mwana asanakumane ndi kusuta fodya, mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo asanakwanitse zaka 18 mpaka 25, mwayi wawo wogwiritsira ntchito m'tsogolomu wachepa kwambiri. Choncho, njira yabwino kwambiri yotetezera ingakhale kuteteza kumwa mowa komanso kusuta fodya. Pali malo osungirako anthu omwe amatha kumwa mowa. Kukhala mwa iwo ndiwothandiza makamaka kwa osakwatiwa - kumawapatsa mwayi woti asinthe miyoyo yawo kotero kuti palibe malo omwe amamwa mowa.