Ndi chromosome ya 46 yomwe imatengedwa ndi umuna womwe umatsimikizira kugonana: ngati X chromosome, mtsikana adzabadwa ngati Y ali mwana. Koma sizinthu zophweka ngakhale pa siteji imeneyo ya chitukuko, pamene maselo akhoza kuwerengedwa pa zala. Anthu ambiri amawoneka padziko lapansi omwe alibe ma chromosome kapena omwe ali ndi ma chromosome ena. Mayi wamwamuna ndi wamwamuna m'chilengedwe amakhala ndi udindo wofunikira kwambiri wa majini.
Akatswiri amachitcha kuti polysemy. Chofala kwambiri ndi kuwonetsetsa ndi owonjezera X chromosome mwa amuna: kuchokera kwa anyamata 1,000, 2 mpaka 3 amabadwa nawo. Achepetsa kuchepetsa testosterone. Nthawi zina izi zimabweretsa kusabereka, nthawi zina - maonekedwe a chiwerewere chachiwiri ndi mtundu wazimayi, koma nthawi zambiri wobweretsa chromosome "yowonjezera" sangathe kuziganizira. Palinso amayi omwe alibe kachilombo ka X-kachiwiri - ali aunyamata, amakhala akutha msinkhu mu chitukuko chawo kuchokera kwa anzawo - kapena amaoneka ngati opanda pake.
Malingana ndi momwe azimayi a ku America, Anne Fausto-Sterling, amawerengera , anthu 1.7% amabadwa ndi ziwalo zosiyana zogonana - zikuwoneka kuti ndizochepa, koma pazomwe zili mamiliyoni ambiri.
Fausto-Sterling inatchula imodzi mwa ntchito zake zotchuka "Kugonana Kisanu: Chifukwa chiyani kugawikana kukhala amuna ndi akazi sikukwanira." Malingaliro ake, kupatula amuna ndi akazi, nkofunikira kudzipatula mankhwala ake, omwe zizindikiro za amuna ndi akazi zimagawanika mofanana (herm), kapena ndizochita zazikulu zam'mimba (merm) kapena akazi (ferm). Komabe, panali "zowonjezera" izi: Mwachitsanzo, madokotala akale amene sankadziwa za chromosomes, amakhulupirira kuti m'mimba mwa amayi pali zipinda zitatu - chifukwa chokhala ndi anyamata, atsikana ndi azitsamba zosiyana. Chiwerewere chachikazi ndi mzimayi mwachilengedwe amalingaliridwa kuti ndi anthu onse, koma kupatula anthu - hermaphrodites.
Komabe, ngakhale popanda chisokonezo cha chromosomal, kukakamiza kugonana ndi njira yayitali. Kuchita zachiwerewere kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zovuta zimatheka pa aliyense. Kuphatikiza pa kugonana kwa chibadwa, gonadal (yopangidwa pa siteji ya kusiyana kwa gonads - ziwalo zoberekera zamkati), mahomoni (malingana ndi mahomoni ndi ma androgens) ndi zolemba zina).
Kuonjezera apo, iwo amalankhulanso za munda wamaganizo - kudzidziwitsa kwa munthu mwiniwake monga mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena kukhala ndi zovuta zogwirizana ndi zinthu zina. Pogwiritsa ntchito ufulu womwewo, amasankha kusintha kugonana (somatic ndi hormonal, komanso chikhalidwe) ogonana kuti athe kugwirizanitsa thupi ndi chidziwitso cha mkati.
Chikondi chachikondi
Chifukwa chiyani mwayi wodzisankhira yekha, kukhala mwamuna kapena mkazi, wabwera posachedwapa? Mwina, chifukwa cha zifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, ndiko kusinthika kwa chitsanzo cha banja komanso kutha kwapang'onopang'ono maudindo pakati pa abambo ndi amai. Chachiwiri, kubereka kwa amayi osakwatiwa ndi amayi awo, osatchulidwa kuti akulandira ana, amalola abambo kuti abwererenso akazi osakwatiwa komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kugonana sikungakhalenso "tsoka lomwe lakonzedweratu ndi anatomy," monga Sigmund Freud analemba. Tili ndi mwayi wosankha chitsanzo cha khalidwe lomwe limawoneka kuti ndi lofewa kwa ife, mosasamala kanthu kuti likutengedwa ngati "mwamuna" kapena "wamkazi." Ndipo pano pali mtundu wina wa kugonana - chiwerewere, kapena chikondi. Mayi wamwamuna ndi wamwamuna m'chilengedwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri.
Chikondi chimaphatikizapo zikhalidwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi: "masculinity" kapena "akazi" mukutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa mawu awa. Kusiyanitsa zachikondi kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi maganizo omwe amapezeka pakati pa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko a ku Ulaya olemekezeka a m'zaka za zana la 18, lingaliro laumunthu silinali kokha luso lodziwa lupanga, komanso kuyamwa m'madzi odzola ndi perfumery. Popanda kuzindikira, Amazoni atsopano amakono angasinthe khalidwe lawo lachiwerewere kangapo patsiku: pagalimoto pagalimoto pamsewu kapena pamsonkhano wogwira ntchito omwe amasonyeza makhalidwe osiyana, nthawi zina "osayera", osati mu salon kapena kuyenda ndi mwana. Komabe, kalelo kafukufuku adayesedwa kuti kukwiya ndi ulamuliro ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la "masculinity", ndi "chikazi" ndi chikondi ndi chisangalalo.
Palinso machitidwe ambiri a chiwerewere - bigender. Ndizobadwa mwa anthu omwe amadzimverera okha ngati mwamuna, ndiye monga mkazi, ndipo, motero, amasintha khalidwe, njira yolankhula komanso lexicon. Pakati pa atsikana aang'ono, makamaka oimira ma subcultures osavomerezeka, mungathe kukumana ndi iwo omwe amalankhula okha mwa amuna ("Ine ndinati", "Ndinapita"), osati kukhala opatsirana kapena amaliseche. Chigololo chachikazi mmalo mwake chimatsindika kuti tilibe chikhalidwe chonse cha makolo: "Kuyesetsa kulankhula ndi kuchita monga kugonana kolimba, akazi amadzipangira okha ntchito yabwino, yomwe imakhala pakati pa anthu achibadwidwe."
Timaphunzira zitsanzo za khalidwe lachibwana muutsikana pamene tidziwa za amai athu. Panthawiyi, kuphunzira kumayambira ndi zozizwitsa zomwe makolo athu, anyamata kapena atsikana amaganiza: yoyamba galimoto, yachiwiri - zidole, yoyamba sayenera kulira, yachiwiri-kumenyana ... Koma pambali pamasewero amtundu wa amayi, makolo akulera ana awo chitsanzo chimene ana amaphunzira mofulumira: "Popeza amayi ndi abambo akuchita mwanjira imeneyi, zikutanthauza kuti ndizoona." Pambuyo pake, amayi omwe amaimira mwanayo ndi fanizo la Mkazi Wabwino, ndi bambo wa Munthu woyenera.
Kodi ma labiyani angapangidwe bwanji? Atsikana oterewa nthawi zambiri amaleredwa m'banja lokhala ndi amayi amphamvu ndi abambo ofooka, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi chitsanzo chofanana ngati chokhacho. Pambuyo pake, akhoza kuyesa kukambirana ndi abambo, koma popeza iwo amasamutsa chitsanzo chomwe anaphunzira kuyambira ali mwana ku ubale wawo, nthawi zambiri amasankha omwe ali nawo omwe bambo awo anali nawo ndipo amakhumudwa kwambiri ndi amuna. Titha kumvetsetsa zambiri zokhudza ife eni ndi malingaliro athu pa maganizo a amuna kapena akazi, ngati tikukumbukira zomwe tinaziwonetsa ndi abambo ndi amayi, kapena akuluakulu akuluakulu.
Ndipotu , pafupifupi khalidwe lililonse limene limachoka pamaganizo a "abambo" ndi "akazi" angatchulidwe "kugonana kwachitatu" - ndipo mawonetseredwe ake ndi ochuluka kuposa momwe angaonekere. Masiku ano safuna ife kukhala "akazi" mphindi iliyonse. Nthawi zambiri timafunikira kukhala anthu okha. Dziko lapansi likupita patsogolo pa kuzindikira kuti dziko lapansi silili pakati pa miyendo yanu, koma zomwe zili pakati pa makutu anu.