Kupanga chitetezo ku ana. Gawo 1

Kutetezeka kwa thupi kumapangitsa thupi kuti lizindikire ndikuwononga zinthu zakunja - mabakiteriya, mavairasi, majeremusi, poizoni, komanso maselo awo omwe asinthidwa. Chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhala ndi maulumikizano, omwe ali ndi ntchito yapadera. Zinthu zonse zapangidwe izi zingagawidwe kukhala zosasintha, kapena congenital, ndi zinazake, zomwe zikutengedwa. Kachilombo koyambitsa chitetezo nthawi zonse imakhala yogwira ntchito, ngakhale popanda zinthu zakunja. Zenizeni zimayamba kuchita kokha ngati mdani alowa m'thupi. Kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kamene kamakumana ndi "osokoneza" poyamba. Zimayamba kugwira ntchito mwamsanga pamene kuwala kumakhala koyera, koma mphamvu zonse sizimangotembenuka pomwepo. Kupewa chitetezo chopanda chitetezo kumatengedwa ngati njira yopanda chitetezo ku matenda, ndi zofanana pafupifupi anthu onse, ndipo ntchito yake yaikulu ndikuteteza chitukuko cha matenda ambiri a bakiteriya - mwachitsanzo, bronchitis, otitis, angina.

Woyamba panjira "mlendo" akuyimira zovuta zapachikhalidwe - khungu ndi mitsempha. Ali ndi mulingo wapadera wa pH (pH level), omwe ndi owopsa kwa "tizirombo" ndipo amakhala ndi microflora - mabakiteriya-oteteza. Nkhumba zamatenda zimapangitsanso mabakiteriya. Zopewera zonsezo zimagwirizanitsa zambiri za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

"Alendo" omwe akugonjetsa zopinga zoterezi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a maselo omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda, omwe ndi maselo apadera - phagocytes, omwe amapezeka pakhungu la mucous membrane ndi m'magazi a magazi. Amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi mitundu yapadera ya mapuloteni ndi mapuloteni, mwachitsanzo, omwe amadziwika ndi ma interferons onse, omwe ali ndi bakiteriki kapena mankhwala otetezera. Chifukwa cha khama lawo lokha, oposa 0,1% okhawo "ovutitsa" amakhalabe amoyo.

Nthambi ya Cholinga Chachidwi
Kupewa chitetezo chodziwika bwino (kapena kuchipeza) sikunapangidwe mwamsanga, koma pokhapokha atangobereka, komanso m'magulu angapo. Chitetezo choterechi chimachokera mu njira yowonongeka yolekanitsa "mwini" kuchokera kwa "mlendo" ndi kukumbukira thupi, kutanthauza "mlendo" yemwe wayamba kale kugwirizana. Ngati mdaniyo sakudziwa, ndiye kuti chitetezo chachangu sichingachite kwa iye mwanjira iliyonse. Chitetezochi chimapangidwa mu mgwirizano wa zinthu ziwiri zogwirizana kwambiri - maselo (T-ndi-B-lymphocytes) ndi humoral (immunoglobulins). Matenda awiri a T- ndi a B amadziwa zinthu zina (mabakiteriya, mavairasi) ndipo akakumana nazo, amayamba kuyambitsa - kotero kukumbukira chitetezo cha thupi kumadziwonetsera. Pankhaniyi, kachiwiri kachilomboka sikangowoneka konse kapena matendawa amayamba mu mawonekedwe owala. Koma ngati maselo a T akuchita okha, ma B-lymphocytes, kuti athetse mdani, apange ma antibodies - immunoglobulins. Ma immunoglobulins mwa mwanayo amapangidwa pang'onopang'ono, kukhala ngati akuluakulu mpaka msinkhu winawake.

Chofunika kwambiri pakupanga chitetezo cha mthupi chimatengedwa ndi katemera omwe adakali aang'ono, komanso zochitika zachilengedwe za mwana yemwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'zaka zisanu zoyambirira za moyo. Olemera adzakhala chikumbukiro cha matenda, ndibwino kuti crumb ikhale yotetezedwa mtsogolo.

Okonzeka ku nkhondo
Chimodzi mwa zigawozikulu za chitetezo chokwanira ndi immunoglobulins. Mwa msinkhu wawo, wina akhoza kuweruza chitukuko cha matendawa ndi kuzindikira molondola "mdani".

Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma immunoglobulin: A, M, G, D, E. Immunotubulin D ikuphatikizapo kupanga B-lymphocytes. Immunotubulin A (lgA) imalimbikitsa chitetezo cha mucous membrane. Matenda olemera a LgA m'magazi amasonyeza njira yaikulu yotupa. Ma antibodies a gulu la M (lgM) salikumbukiridwa nthawi yoyamba ndi "mlendo", koma atagonjetsa nawo nthawi zina 2-3, amayamba kuzindikira ndipo akugwira kale ntchito kuti awonongeke. Chifukwa cha malowa, katemera wa IgM unali wotheka. Pamene katemera m'magazi a mwana mu tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timayambitsa mavairasi omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale ndi ma antibodies. Ma antibodies a gulu M pamodzi ndi lgA amamenya nkhondo poyamba. Matenda opatsirana ambiri a mwana wamwamuna amavomereza matenda a intrauterine (toxoplasmosis, herpes). Kwa ana akuluakulu - kuti mwanayo adakumana ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa ndipo tsopano akusowa. Pogwiritsa ntchito lgG, thupi "limatha" matendawa. Zimatengera masabata 1-2 kuti ziwathandize. Kukhalapo kwa thupi la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'kalasi imeneyi kumatanthauza kuti munthu ali ndi kachilombo (shuga, nkhuku) ndipo chitetezo cha thupi chimapangidwira.

IgE imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene mafinya (helminths, mphutsi) akukula m'thupi, ndipo ma antibodieswa amachitanso chidwi ndi zomwe zimachitika. Ngati akuganiza kuti zowonongeka zimaperekedwa, kuyesa magazi kwa IgE ndi kofala, komanso kudziwa kuzindikiritsa kuti zitha kuchitika - Zotsatira zowonjezereka zowonjezereka, zimakhala zowonjezereka.

Kuyambira paulendo
Ngati achikulire ali ndi ma antibodies kwa mazana "tizirombo", ana ayenera kugwira ntchito. Choncho pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko, chitetezo cha mthupi cha makombola chili ndi mwayi wosiyana. Muzinthu zambiri zimakhudza matenda omwe ali ndi zaka zomwe akudwala.

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimayamba kupanga panthawi ya mimba. Pa sabata lachitatu-8, chiwindi chimapangidwa, B-lymphocytes imapezeka mmenemo. Pa sabata lachisanu ndi chiwiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwirizi zimapangidwa, ndipo pambuyo pake kubadwa kwa T-lymphocytes kumayamba kukula. Pa nthawi yomweyi, nthata ndi minofu zimapanga. Pa sabata lachisanu ndi chiwiri la mimba, nthata imayamba kubala ma lymphocytes. Zilonda zamakono, komabe, ziyenera kukhala ndi mabakiteriya ndi zina zina zakunja ndikuziletsa kuti zisalowe mkati. Koma ntchitoyi yothetsera iwo ayamba kuchita zaka 7-8 zokha. Ngati mu 1-2 trimesters mayi woyembekezeredwa adzalandira matenda opatsirana, adzakhala osayenerera kudya, padzakhala chiopsezo chosapangidwira mapangidwe a ziwalo izi. Mmawu awa, mkazi ayenera kupewa kukhudzana ndi matenda a chimfine ndi ARVI ngati n'kotheka, ndipo musamamwe mowa.

Pakati pa masabata khumi ndi khumi ndi khumi ndi awiri (12) ndi masabata khumi, mwana wam'tsogolo amayamba kupanga ma imunoglobulin yake, makamaka m'kalasi G. Ena mwa iwowa amalandiranso kudzera mwazi wa amayi ake ndi placenta pafupifupi atangotha ​​kutenga pakati. Koma mwezi wachisanu ndi umodzi wa mimba, ma immunoglobulin amapezeka m'magazi a mwana wosabadwa kokha pokhapokha. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV ndi chachikulu kwambiri kwa ana omwe asanabadwe kwambiri.

Pambuyo pa sabata la 32 la mimba, ma antibodies amayamba kukula mofulumira, zomwe zimateteza mwana ku matenda m'miyezi yoyamba atabadwa.