Kwa nthawi yoyamba pulojekiti ya in vitro fertilization (IVF) inachitika bwino mu England mu 1978, pamene mwana woyamba kubadwa kuchokera ku test tube anaonekera - Louise Brown. Kuchokera apo, ana oposa 2 miliyoni obadwira padziko lapansi. Zomwe amayi amakono amakwanitsa kuchita zikuwonetsa zomwe zili zokhudzana ndi nzeru ndi ubwino wa amayi.
Ngati chiberekero sichikupezeka (kuyambira kubadwa kapena chifukwa cha opaleshoni), kapena ngati mkazi akutsutsana ndi mimba, kapena ngati sakufuna kutuluka miyezi, amatha kupita ku machitidwe a mayi wopatsirana. Mimba yomwe imapezeka mothandizidwa ndi IVF yomweyi imayikidwa m'mimba mwa mkazi yemwe amavomereza kupirira mwanayo ndipo atangobereka makolo ake obadwa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba zinachitika ku USA mu 1986. Kawirikawiri, achibale amalowetsa amayi (kuphatikizapo amayi ndi amayi omwe amanyamula zidzukulu zawo). M'mayiko ambiri otukuka, amayi omwe amaloledwa kukakamiza ana awo amaletsedwa, kapena amaloledwa pazinthu zosakhala zamalonda. Mwachitsanzo, British Carol Horlock, amene anatulutsa ana ena asanu ndi anayi, anachita izi zokondweretsa kukhala ndi pakati. Koma simukuwona kawirikawiri munthu wokonda kwambiri, ndipo mkazi wamakono akuyamikira zakupindula bwino kwambiri mpaka pano.
M'mayiko angapo, kuphatikizapo Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, mayiko ena a ku America, amayi amasiye amalembedwa mwalamulo pa malonda (mtengowo umasinthasintha pakati pa madola 5 ndi 10,000).
Mofananamo, azimayi ena amatha kubereka mwana "wamba": wina amatenga dzira, wina amanyamula. Umuna, ndithudi, wopereka. Kuchokera pamalo ovomerezeka, uwu ndi umayi wobereka, kotero mkazi yemwe ali ndi mwana, asanayambe ndondomeko, ayenera kulemba ufulu wokhuza amayi. Nthawi zina pali zochitika zalamulo (mwachitsanzo, posachedwa ku United States "makolo" awiri adayesedwa chifukwa cha mwana wawo wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.) Khotilo linapeza chikalata kuchokera kuchipatala, chofunikira kwambiri, chokwanira kukana mayi wachiwiri kukhala woyenera). Koma ngakhale zachipatala, zoyendetsera komanso mavuto ena, IVF ndi mimba yapadera imapangitsa kuti amayi omwe angakhale ndi chiyembekezo chozizwitsa chisanachitike.
Sinthani kugonana
N'zosakayikitsa kuti oddballs oyendayenda, omwe ankavala zovala za amuna, tsitsi lalifupi ndi kusuta chitoliro, amavomereza kusintha opaleshoni - anali ndi zokwanira zokwanira. Koma mu chiwerengero cha anthu pali nthawizonse anthu omwe anabadwira mu thupi lachilendo. Tsopano iwo amatchedwa transsexuals. Malingana ndi chiwerengero cha America, kwa amuna atatu omwe amadziwa kuti ali akazi, pali mayi mmodzi amene amadzizindikira yekha ngati mwamuna. Mpaka 1960, anthu osagonana ndi amuna okhaokha sankatha kupeza thupi "loyenera", iwo ankawoneka ngati odwala m'maganizo ndipo amayesedwa kuti asokoneze magetsi. Pambuyo pake, mayunivesite angapo a ku United States anayamba kufufuza kwakukulu pa nkhani ya kugonana, ndipo chifukwa chake, zoletsedwa pa kusintha kwa kugonana zinathetsedwa. Tsopano m'mayiko ambiri otukuka, ndondomekoyi imayendetsedwa ndi malamulo ndipo ikuphatikizapo magawo angapo: chithandizo cha mahomoni, opaleshoni, kusintha kwa dzina ndi zolemba (njira yotsiriza, mwa njira, siyiloledwa kulikonse). Ku Ukraine, palibe lamulo lolingana, koma palibe mavuto apadera: kugonana mu pasipoti kungasinthidwe pambuyo pa opaleshoni, pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za kafukufuku wamankhwala. Madokotala amauza nkhani zozizwitsa kuchokera pazochita zawo - mwachitsanzo, za mkazi yemwe amadziona ngati munthu wotchedwa Dima ndipo analota kukwatira wokondedwa wake. Banjali linafuna kukhala ndi ana, koma mkwatibwi anali ndi matenda. Kenaka Dima anaganiza zobwezeretsa kusinthika komaliza ndipo adatulutsa mwanayo, amene adakhala bambo.
Bwezerani mawonekedwe kuti mulawe
Opaleshoni yapulasitiki ili ndi mbiri yakale, koma mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000 iwo ankachitidwa pokhapokha ngati pakufunikira: pambuyo pa zilonda, kuwotchedwa, ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Anthu olemera kwambiri ndi ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi okha anaganiza zogona pansi pa mpeni wa opaleshoni kuti azichedwa kukalamba (mwachitsanzo, Lyubov Orlova anali okonda pulasitiki). Ntchitoyi inali yotsika mtengo, ndipo zotsatira zinali zosadziwika chifukwa cha njira zopanda ungwiro. Koma cha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50 - m'ma 1960, pakukula kwa opaleshoni ya pulasitiki ku America kunali kudumphira, chiŵerengero cha "mtengo wamtengo wapatali" chasintha bwino, ndipo posakhalitsa kubwezeretsa kwa kunja kunayanjanitsidwa ndi gulu lapakati. Mwinamwake chinthu chofunika kwambiri chiyenera kuonedwa ngati mawonekedwe a silicone implants mu 1962. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, chifuwa cha zero chaleka kukhala chigamulo chomaliza kwa mtsikana wolakalaka kugonjetsa Hollywood. Mu mphamvu zina panali chifuwa chenicheni pa pulasitiki. Mwachitsanzo, ku Venezuela, yomwe imapereka mpikisano wokhazikika pampikisano ya Miss World ndi Miss Universe, makolo ochokera m'mabanja abwino amapatsidwa mabere okoma komanso matupi akuluakulu. Kuwongolera mphuno yanu kuli ngati kupita ku solarium. Ndi chidwi chomwecho, akazi a ku Korea ndi amayi achi China amadzibweza maso ndi maso kuti awoneke ngati a Ulaya. Kuwonekera kwaleka kukhala mphatso ya Mulungu (kapena chilango), tsopano ndiyi deta yoyamba, yomwe mungathe kuyisamala nokha.
Pezani biliyoni
Mpaka nthawi, mkazi akhoza kukhala ndi ndalama zokhala ndi zisa zisanu ndi zinayi zokha chifukwa cha cholowa chake. Mu bizinesi yaikulu, kugonana kofooka sikuloledwa: choyambirira - chifukwa cha kusowa maphunziro (zomwe zinali zovuta kupeza), ndiye - chifukwa cha "denga losaloledwa". Kuphwanya koyamba pa chitetezo cha amuna kunatha kupyola pakati pa oyang'anira zodzikongoletsera zaka zana: Mary Kay ndi Este Lauder. Panthawi ya imfa ya womaliza, mu 2004, mtengo wa ufumu wake wa mafuta onunkhira unakwana madola asanu ndi mabiliyoni asanu.
Tsopano azimayi , omwe apeza mitu yawo ndi malingaliro awo, akutseketsa akazi makumi awiri olemera kwambiri padziko lonse malinga ndi Forbes. Timasangalala kwambiri ndi moyo wa mwiniwake - yemwe anayambitsa makampani akuluakulu a zovala Rosalia Mera (Inditex, yemwe ali ndi Zara) komanso Juliana Benetton. Onse awiri ali ndi 2,9 biliyoni. "Mayi wotchuka kwambiri ku dziko la United States" - Margaret Whitman, yemwe anali CEO wa eBay kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2008 - analandira 1.6 biliyoni chifukwa cha malonda ake.Maina a mabiliyoniyoni amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi: Oprah Winfrey ndi Joanne Rowling, omwe ndi opanga TV, omwe amaoneka kuti akufanana ndi chikhalidwe cha "Cinderella", ndi Harry Potter monga kalonga.
Muziweruza biliyoni kuchokera kwa mwamuna wake
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo, mkazi wina ku US, kapena ku Ulaya, kapena ku Russia analibe ufulu pa katundu wa mwamuna wake, ndipo ngakhale njira ya chisudzulo inakhala mayesero owawa. Ku UK, mwachitsanzo, mmodzi mwa okwatirana amakhala ngati "wotsutsa", ndiko kuti, chiwembu chodziwika. Ngati chipwirikiti sichinali, phwando lomwe linabweretsa chisudzulo, linayenera kulipanga ndikuwonetsera pamaso pa khoti. Tsopano, m'mayiko ambiri otukuka, mkazi ali ndi ufulu wopeza theka la katundu amene adapeza muukwati (pokhapokha ngati atatchulidwa mu mgwirizano wa chikwati). Ku Soviet Union, "theka la mgwirizano womwe unagulitsidwa" nthawi zambiri amatanthauza zipinda chimodzi kapena theka mu chipinda chogwirizanitsa kapena theka la "Moskvich". Koma ku Russia masiku ano, nkhaniyi ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Chitsanzo cha machitidwe abwino kwambiri a amai amakono ndi kusudzulana kwa Abramovich anayi mu 2007. Poyamba, panali mphekesera kuti Irina Abramovich, yemwe anabala mkazi wa ana asanu, adzalandira theka la chuma chake, kutanthauza madola pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni asanu. Pankhaniyi, idzakhala kuthetsa ukwati wamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'mbiri yonse. Komabe, malipirowo anali "madola 300 miliyoni" (molondola, mapaundi 150 miliyoni). Izi, mungavomereze, sizowonongeka, poona kuti Irina, atanena zabwino chifukwa chokwatirana ndi ntchito ya woyang'anira, wakhala nthawi zonse mkazi wa nyumba.
Azimayi a ku America ali ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri a amai amakono, amapambana ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa amuna awo. Nkhaniyi ndi ya Phyllis Redstone - ataphunzira za kusakhulupirika, adavomera kuti asudzulane ndipo mu 2002 adatsutsa mwamuna wake, Sumit Redstone, ma CD 1.8 biliyoni. Nkhani yomweyi inachitika ndi ukwati wa Rupert Murdoch. Mkazi wake wachiwiri Anna Torv, ataphunzira mbiri ya mwamuna wake ndi mnyamata Wendi Deng, adayamba chisudzulo ndipo potsiriza adalandira pafupifupi 1.5 biliyoni.