Maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe a thupi nthawi zakale

Luso la kudzipangira linayamba kusintha nthawi yayitali. Ku Igupto wakale, kunali mabuku omwe zinsinsi za kulenga nkhope zinawululidwa, ndipo Agiriki anayamba kutsegula salons m'zaka za m'ma 2000 AD. Komanso, anthu amene ankakhala m'masiku amenewo m'dera la Italy masiku ano, amadziwika bwino ndi matenda. Koma, ndithudi, anali Aigupto Akale omwe adasamalira kwambiri thupi ndi maonekedwe.

Koma anthu olemekezeka ndi olemera panthawiyo ankatha kuyang'ana bwino. Aigupto ankakonda kwambiri kusambira madzi osamba, ndipo pambuyo pake anagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusamalira khungu monga mafuta ndi zokometsera pamtundu wa thupi. Aigupto akale ankagwiritsanso ntchito kuphulika kwa thupi, komwe panthawiyo kunali matope opezeka mumtsinje wa Nailo. Kuwonjezera dongo pang'ono ndi phulusa kwa iwo, analandira njira zabwino zowonjezera khungu.

Zida zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito ku Egypt sizinangowoneka zokongola, koma zimasamaliranso khungu. Kalelo masiku otchuka kwambiri ndi akazi m'dziko lino anali odzoza. Kuti adziwe zodzoladzola zamitundu yobiriwira, lapis lazuli amapaka ufa wa ufa, ndipo pofuna kupanga chida chakuda, antimoni anaphwanyidwa. Phulusa izi zinali zotsakanizidwa ndi mafuta ena a masamba, motero, zinakhala chida chabwino kwambiri cha nkhope.

Kuwonjezera apo, Aigupto nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mithunzi yomwe inalengedwa kuchokera ku dothi ndi oxidi yamkuwa, komwe inapangidwira kudziko la fumbi la malachite ndi la turquoise. Msidya ya akazi achiigupto a zojambulajambula zofiira, milomo yofiira, ndipo pamasaya ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mtundu wachibadwidwe wa manyazi. Ndipo ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Aigupto akale anali ochepa kwambiri, makamaka pakati pawo, kutuluka kwa khungu la nkhope kumatchuka, chifukwa khungu la khungu linali ngati chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za akuluakulu. Osati mawu otsiriza mu mafashoni a zodzoladzola za Aigupto za nthawi zimenezo, ndithudi, Mfumukazi Cleopatra adanena.

Kale ku Greece, amayi adalinso ndi ubweya wosauka, ndipo amayesa kuyeretsa khungu lawo m'njira iliyonse. Koma, mosiyana ndi Aigupto, Agiriki ankakhulupirira kuti khungu loyera lomwe limakhala lopangidwa ndibwino siloyenera. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi, amayi a ku Greece ankakonda kupanga madzulo okha. Pa nthawi yomweyo, atsikana omasuka anajambula bwino kwambiri, ndipo adakwatiwa - analetsedwa kwambiri. Cilia yodzala ndi maonekedwe a azungu azungu ndi wopukutira utomoni.

Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, mafashoni a ku Greece adasintha pang'ono: akazi ngakhale patsiku ankayamba kusamba nkhope zawo ndi choko ndi zina, amawatsuka pamasaya awo, nsidya zakuda zinadetsedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri ankagwirizanitsa pa mlatho wa mphuno ndi maso awo. Posakhalitsa, ku Greece zakale, zokongola zoyambirira, zomwe zimatchedwa gynaeecas, zinayamba kuonekera. M'mabungwe oterowo, ochiritsira amagwira ntchito, omwe anali ndi zinsinsi za mafuta ophika, zokometsera ndi zodzoladzola zina, koma amadziwanso momwe angapangidwire, zomwe zinali zodziwika bwino.

Azimayi, omwe anakhalako zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri BC ndi kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yathu ino ku Italy, adakumananso ndi mayesero, kuyesera kupanga mapangidwe owala. Mzinda wakale wa Roma, mabanja olemera sankagwira ntchito yokonza m'nyumba komanso kuphika, koma amayi ena adalembanso akatswiri a zakuthambo. Anthuwa sanangotulutsa khungu khungu lawo ndipo amawagwiritsa ntchito pamasaya awo, komanso anathandiza kuthetsa zofooka zosiyanasiyana za khungu. Mwachitsanzo, zinyalala za nkhuku zinkatengedwa ngati mankhwala wamba.

Pa nthawi yayitali, Aroma amadya ndi yisiti, maso awo anali ojambulidwa ndi mithunzi yakuda, yomwe idapangidwa kuchokera ku antimoni kapena phulusa, ndipo nthawi zina madzi a safironi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, chiĊµerengero cha anthu akuwonjezeka mu Ufumu wa Roma, ndipo pofuna kupeĊµa kukula mkhalidwe wosakhazikika, Aroma ndi Aroma anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sopo.

Chodziwika kwambiri chinali mtundu wa zokongoletsa, wotumizidwa kuchokera ku Gaul. Anali ndi mafuta a mbuzi ndi beech phulusa, ndipo kuti apange kukoma kokoma kwambiri, mafuta onunkhira anawonjezeredwa pamenepo. Umu ndi momwe iwo ankafunira kusamalira kukongola kwa thupi lawo kale. Tsopano, ndithudi, chifukwa cha izi pali zinthu zambiri zodzikongoletsera, koma zigawo zachilengedwe mwa iwo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa.