Spring ndi nthawi yobzala mbewu zatsopano, zomera ndi mitengo m'munda wanu. Sizodabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri ali ndi mafunso ambiri pa mutu uwu. Mwachitsanzo: Kodi ndi bwino bwanji kubzala mbande? Kodi mungapeze bwanji malo omwe mitengo ing'onozing'ono ikulumikizidwa: nsomba, nsomba zazikuluzikulu kapena zamtali? Kodi sizingakhale zolakwika mu kusankha mbande? Mafunso onsewa ndi ovuta kwambiri ndipo amafunikanso kuwonetsa zoyenera, chifukwa zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni mukadikira zaka zingapo pa mbeu imodzi, ndipo mumapeza zomwe mukufuna.
Mizu ya mizu
Pali clonal ndi seminal stock. Alimi abwino kwambiri omwe amamera mbewu amawona mbewu zowonongeka, zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa cha mbewu zofesa, zomwe zimachokera ku chipatso cha mitengo ya m'nkhalango. Komabe, nthawi zambiri mu nurseriesuse mbewu za antonovok zowonjezera mbande. Zochitika ndi akatswiri amakula mbande za mbewu kapena maenje. Mitengo yambiri ya apulo imakula pa mbande za nkhalango zamapiri zakutchire, zazing'ono - za mbande zazing'amba za China, ndipo zimamera pa mbande za apulo za Shedekker. Ngati mukufuna kukula ndi peyala, ndiye kuti masamba omwe amakula pa mbande amakula pamtambo wamtchire, ndipo amamera pa mbande za quince.
Mitengo ya rootstocks imafalitsidwa kudzera mwa ana aang'ono, osati mbewu. Zosungira zoterezi zimapezeka ndi obereketsa omwe ali ndi agrotechnics apadera ndi malo apadera okulima munda. Pa mizu ya clonal, mitengo siimakula kwambiri, ndi zaka 12-14 zokha. Pofika zaka khumi, zimayambira kukomoka ndikudwala kwambiri. Ngati kukwera koteroko kuli mafakitale, ndiye kuti imachotsedwa.
Kodi kusankha mbande?
Yesetsani kupeza mbande kuchokera kwa wamaluwa ndi mbiri yabwino, omwe amadziwa bwino bizinesi yawo, amadziwa bwino njirayi ndikudziwa kuti feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji pa nyengo yanu ndi nthaka. Ngati mbandezo zakula muzipinda zazikulu, yesetsani kuzipewa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri njira zabwino zogulitsidwa zimagulitsidwa. Mukayamba kusankha mbande zofunika, mwapadera ayenera kuperekedwa ku mizu: ngati muzu uli podulidwa mu mdima, ndiye mbewuyi si yanu. Anasungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo anataya mphamvu zake zonse pamoyo. Mitundu ina yosakanikirana ya rootstocks ikhoza kukhala ndi mizu yofiira. Ngati muzuwo uli ndi lobe yomwe imakula pakatikatikatikati, ndiye izi zitsamba kapena mizu yokhala ndi mbeu (zambiri za mbandezi zimapezeka mu plums ndi yamatcheri). Ngati muzu uli ndi nthambi zingapo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa lobe ndi kochepa, ndiye mbeuyi.
Komanso, muyenera kuyang'ana mphukira. Ngati mumasankha peyala, onetsetsani kuti palibe madontho wakuda ndi mafinya pamakungwa - izi zikusonyeza kuti sapling imakula nkhanambo. Ngati munasankha mbande za apulo, simukuloledwa kudula zilonda zam'mimba ndi zakuda zakuda, mwinamwake mudzagula khansa ya sagenetszarzhenny. Koposa zonse, ngati mmera ulibe kukula kwakukulu, ndi chifukwa chakuti feteleza ambiri amalowetsedwa kumera. Palinso zizindikiro zina, chifukwa chake mungathe kuyembekezera kuti fecundity ndi mitundu ya chipatso chamtsogolo. Kawirikawiri, ngati maapulo ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira, amawombera, ndiye kuti ali ndi zipatso zobiriwira ndi zachikasu, koma ngati anawo ali ndi mthunzi wobiriwira wa makungwa, izi zimasonyeza kuti mtunduwo udzakhala wofiira. Ngati musankha maula, onani mtundu wa mphukira zake. Mphukira wofiirira imasonyeza kuti zipatso zidzakhala zakuda ngati buluu liri lachikasu, lachikasu kapena lobiriwira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zipatso zidzakhala ndi mdima wowala. Ngati musankha peyala, zidzakhala zosavuta kuti mudziwe mtundu wa zipatso zamtsogolo. Ngati mwanayo ali ndi mtundu wachikasu kapena mtundu wobiriwira, ndiye kuti chipatso chidzakhala chachikasu, ngati mphukira ndi lobiriwira kapena wobiriwira, ndiye kuti zipatsozo zidzakhala zobiriwira, ndipo ngati mphukirazo ndizofiira, ndiye kuti mapeyalawo adzakhala owala bwino.
Tsopano kuti tatsimikiza pa kusankha kwa mbande, ndi nthawi yopita mofulumira kubzala. Ndi nthawi yabwino kukambirana za mbeu za feteleza ndikuyankhula za kukonza munda.
Internodes ndi impso
Ngati mbande ya apulo imakhala ndi masamba akuluakulu omwe amawombera pang'ono, ndiye kuti, mtengowu udzakhala wokula mofulumira, koma mbande ndi masamba osasunthika ndipo mazira ang'onoang'ono akhoza kuyamba kubala zipatso mwamsanga. Mbeuzi, zomwe zakhala zikuphwanyidwa zosagwirizana ndi masamba aakulu, nthawi zambiri zimayamba kubala zipatso mofulumira. Kuwonjezera apo, mbande za mapeyala, omwe amachokera ku mitundu yofulumira, ngakhale ali ndi zaka kale ali ndi nthambi pansi pa mbeu. Zinthaka, zomwe zakhala zikuwombera nthawi yayitali ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono, ozizira, zidzayamba kubereka zipatso mochedwa.
Tikufika
Mukapeza mbeu, muyenera kuzibzala bwino. Mwachibadwa, alimi ambiri amadziwa kuti akamabzala mitengo m'malo omwe simunakhalepo mtengo wa zipatso, mbande zazing'ono zimayamba kukula mwamsanga, ndipo zimabweretsa zipatso zazikulu, zoyera komanso zokoma. Koma ngati, m'malo mwake, kubzala mitengo komwe mitengo imakhala ikukula, padzakhala mpata waukulu kuti mitengo idzakhala yovuta, idzayamba kuvulaza ndipo zingatheke kuti iwo afe.
Zonsezi zimachokera ku chiwopsezo cha nthaka: moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku umataya zinthu zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi zomwe sizingathe kuwonongeka, zimaphatikizapo atoll. Zonsezi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku zomera za mitundu yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zaka zingapo mumapulola amamera pamalo amodzi ndipo amadya chifukwa chake, ndipo mbande zatsopano za apulo zidzabzalidwa pamalo omwewo, sizidzakhala zathanzi. Mbeu zidzasochera ndipo zimayamba kuphuka, koma ngati mubzala plum m'dziko lino, zidzakula ndikukula bwino. Ngati malo a apulo adzalidwa maula kapena chitumbuwa, zidzakhala bwino mu nthakayi ngakhale kuti ndizoyera. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti nthawi zonse musinthe maluwa.
Muyenera kusamala nthawi yobwera. Zipatso zamatabwa ndi mitengo ingayambe kubzala malo osatha m'nthaka kuyambira 10-15 Septemba ndipo pitirizani kubzala zitha kuyamba kale kuzizira. Tikamabzala mitengo nthawi ya kugwa, nthawi zambiri alimi amakhala ndi masamba omwe ayenera kudulidwa ndi lumo ndipo petioles okha ndiwo ayenera kuchotsedwa. M'madera omwe dziko lapansi limatulutsa kawirikawiri ndi nyengo zambiri m'nyengo yozizira, panthawiyi n'zotheka kulima mitengo, idzapulumuka. Kumapeto kwa nyengo, zimatha kale kuyamba kubzala mbande kumapeto kwa February, ndithudi, ngati dothi silinayambe ndipo likhoza kupitiriza kubzala mpaka kumapeto kwa April. Ndikoyenera kumvetsera mfundo yakuti nthawi ya kubzala pa zomera sikuyenera kukhala masamba. Choncho, ngati mukufuna kudzala mtengo mu Meyi, ndiye kuti mukumba mbeuyo ndikuyitumiza kumalo ozizira kumene kuli malo amodzi.
Feteleza
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti musanadzalemo kapena poyambira, dzenje lodzala liyenera kudzazidwa ndi mineral ndi feteleza. Odziwa bwino wamaluwa amanena kuti pamene mutabzala, palibe chomwe chingathe kubweretsa feteleza, chifukwa izi zingakhudze mitengo. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti pamene mutabzala sikofunikira kukula msanga kwa mtengo, koma kuti chomera chimakhazikitsidwa bwino. Ndipo kuti mtengo ukhale wolimba sufunikira feteleza chilichonse, chifukwa chaichi ndi chinyezi cha nthaka komanso malo osungiramo zinthu zamkati. Komanso, ngati pali zakudya m'nthaka, ndiye kuti mizu imakula mofulumira. Manyowa sadzangoteteza mtengowo kuti uzolowere, koma adzayambanso kulowa mu dzenje lodzala, slugs, moles ndi wireworms, ndipo akhoza kuwononga mizu.
Maonekedwe a munda
Mitengo imayenera kudzalidwa patali, malingana ndi chitsa, mitundu ndi malo a munda wokonzedweratu.
Mitengo yambiri imayenera kubzalidwa pamtunda wa mamita 3-4 kuchokera pamzake.
Kwa mitengo ya mapeyala ndi apulo, chitsime chachikulu chothamanga mita imodzi chiyenera kukonzedwa; chifukwa cha kutembenuka, mapula, phiri la phulusa, chitumbuwa ndi nyanja ya buckthorn - 0,6 mamita; kwa gooseberries, quince ya Japanese, currants ndi zizindikiro - 0,5 m.