Mlongo Elena Kalinina, yemwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana , MD, yemwe ali ndi mwayi wopereka mphoto ya RF kwa ntchito "IVF pothandizira banja losakwatiwa" Poyambirira, njira ya in vitro fertilization (IVF), yomwe imakhudzana ndi kugwirizana kwa dzira lokhwima ndi spermatozoon kunja kwa thupi la mkazi ndi mimba yomwe ili m'mimba mwake. chiberekero, ankaonedwa ngati njira yothetsera vuto limodzi. Zinali zokhudzana ndi mikhalidwe pamene, chifukwa china, amayi amtsogolo sankakhala ndi ma tubes aliwonse: kusakhala kwawo kumapangitsa kuti chiberekero chikhale chosatheka, chifukwa ndi pamene dzira limakomana ndi umuna, kwa iwo dzira la umuna limasunthira kenako mpaka kumimba kuti agwirizane ndi khoma lake ndi kuyamba kukula. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli mothandizidwa ndi IVF, adachitidwa ndi ofufuza ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo mu November 1977 ntchito ya madokotala a ku England inayamba kuwonekera kuti ECO idzagonjetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusabereka, ndipo azimayi amachokera kuchipatala cha Born Hall potsiriza adakwanitsa. Chotsatira, choyesera 601 kupita kuchiberekero cha kamwana kameneka kanakula kunja kwa thupi la mayi amene anatsogolera kubadwa kwa Louise - "mwana woyamba" padziko lonse lapansi.
Ku Russia, chitukuko cha njirayi chinayamba zaka 6 zotsatira: zoyesayesa za Vladimir Ivanovich Kulakov, mkulu wa bungwe la All-Union Research Center la Chitetezo cha Amayi ndi Ana (tsopano ndi SC ya Obstetrics, Gynecology ndi Perinatology), ndi Boris Vasilievich Leonov, yemwe adatsogolera gulu la akatswiri, kuchokera kuchipatala panali ofufuza kafukufuku. Pano, pakati, Lenochka anawonekera - ngakhale kuti amayi ake analibe ma tubes kuchokera kwa mayi ake komanso kachiwiri kuyesa IVF. Pambuyo pa Muscovite Lenochka mu December 1986 ku Leningrad, mu Research Institute of Obstetrics ndi Gynecology D. Otto, woyamba m'mbiri ya IVF mwana wamwamuna anabadwira. Akatswiri a Center for Infertility Treatment ku 1st Grad Hospital, motsogoleredwa ndi Pulofesa VM Zdanovsky, adachitanso zotsatira zodabwitsa. Kotero, kupyolera mu kuyesetsa kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a ofufuza, njira ya ECO yakhala yolandira ufulu m'dziko lathu, ndipo kuyambira apo kukula kwake kunayamba pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka.
Makolo achimwemwe
Patapita nthawi, tinazindikira kuti IVF ikhoza kuthana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusabereka, yazimayi ndi yamwamuna. Izi mndandanda tsopano zikuwonetsa mavuto omwe poyamba ankaganiza kuti sangathetseke: kutsekedwa kwa miyendo ya falsipi, yomwe siingakhoze kubwezeretsedwa ndi opaleshoni; matenda aakulu a hormoni; Kusabereka kumene kumayambitsa zifukwa zosadziwika. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, njirayi yatipatsa mwayi wopanga mapulogalamu othandizira, omwe odwala omwe alibe chifukwa chawo, amawalandira kuchokera kwa amayi ena. Ndizodziwika bwino tsopano ndi mwayi wopita ku mautumiki a mayi wina amene amatha kupirira ndipo amabereka mwanayo pothandizidwa ndi dzira ndi umuna wa "makasitomala".
Njira ya IVF yakhala yothandiza kwambiri pochiza anthu osabereka . Ngati nambala ya spermatozoa m'tsogolo ya papa ndi yaing'ono kapena yosasamala, sitingazindikire kuti "oyenerera" ndi oyenerera kwambiri, koma timalongosola momveka bwino ku dzira la mkazi, kupyolera muzitsulo zachilengedwe ndikuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chazomwe zimakhalapo. Njira imeneyi, yotchedwa ICSI, idapangidwa posachedwapa: mwana woyamba, atakhala ndi pakati, athandizidwa mu 1993.
Malingana ndi zomwe ndanena, njira ya IVF tsopano ikukhala yotchuka kwambiri: mbali imodzi chifukwa cha kukula kwa mphamvu zake, mbali imodzi chifukwa zifukwa za kusabereka zikuwonjezeka. Mmodzi wa iwo: amai amaganizira za kubadwa kwa mwana pa msinkhu umenewo, pamene matenda akuwonjezeka.
Valentin Lukin, Ph.D. , wapatsidwa mphoto ya mphoto ya boma ya RF pa ntchito yake "Pulogalamu ya IVF pa chithandizo chaukwati wosabereka" ECO ndi njira yomwe idakhalira maziko opititsa patsogolo kubereka kwa anthu. M'tsogolomu, sikudzalola kuti kusamalidwa kwa amayi ndi abambo, monga lero, kudzatithandizira kuti tipewe ndi kuchiza matenda akuluakulu omwe angalandire. Ndipotu, IVF imapereka akatswiri ogwira ntchito ndi maselo omwe amachititsa munthu kukhala ndi moyo, ndipo, mwinamwake, tidzakhala ndi mwayi wotsogolera maselowa. Lero ndi zovuta kuti tiganizire - lingaliro la kupulumutsa moyo waumunthu ndi chithandizo cha kuika magazi linawoneka ngati lopambana kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 - koma nthawi, monga momwe zimadziwira, kusintha.
Chimodzi mwa nkhani zoyambirira zinaperekedwa ku njira yatsopano, yomwe inapatsa moyo Lenochka. Journal of Health, March 1986 Ndili ndi mwana wakhanda, Elena Kalinina (yemwe anali woyanjana naye pafupipafupi pa All-Union Research Center for Mother and Child Health) ndi Valentin Lukin (yemwe anali mkulu pa Center), February 1986 .
Koma ife tidzabwerera lero. Pakufika kwa IVF, kusabereka kunayamba kukhala kosavuta: mosasamala kanthu za deta yoyamba, mayi yemwe adatembenukira kwa ife kuti athandizidwe ali ndi mwayi wokwana 30 peresenti yokhala ndi mimba pachiyambi. Ndipo tsopano odwala sakutha zaka zambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zothetsera mavuto awo, chifukwa angathe kuzidutsa.
Kodi pali phindu lililonse Tanena kale za ubwino wa njirayi. Komabe sindingayamikire kwa mabanja onse omwe ali ndi mavuto. Ndikofunika kupempha thandizo pamene zina zothetsera vutoli, mwachitsanzo, opaleshoni, osagwira ntchito. Chitsanzo china: Makolo amtsogolo adayesa kufufuza, ndipo chifukwa cha kusabereka sichinapezeke, komanso, zaka zawo zidutsa mopitirira zaka makumi anayi - muzochitikazi, kubwereranso ku ulendo wa ECO sichiyenera. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, muyenera kukumbukira izi: zimakhudza kwambiri mahomoni a mkazi, zomwe zingayambitse mavuto aakulu. Kuonjezera apo, chithandizo cha kusabereka ndi IVF ndi zokondweretsa.
Nanga bwanji pambuyo pa njira ya IVF kuti mapasa ndi atatu amapezeka nthawi zambiri?
Monga tanenera kale, zimachitika kuti mazira amodzi kapena awiri okha amayamba mizu mu chiberekero. Komabe, aliyense amadziwa kuti zimakhala zovuta kupirira "kampani" yoteroyo kuposa mwana mmodzi (makamaka ngati mayi wamtsogolo ali pansi pa 40). Ndicho chifukwa chake akatswiri a IVF padziko lonse lapansi amatsogoleredwa ndi "kulengedwa" kwa mimba yoperewera - chifukwa cha mzimayi ndi mwana. Ndicho chifukwa chake ngati okwatirana akufuna mwana mmodzi yekha, mu Dipatimenti ya IVF adzakumana naye ndipo adzanyamula kamwana kamodzi kamodzi kokha kofunikira. Kodi chimachitika ndi mazira omwe adatengedwa kuchokera kwa mayi, ogwirizana ndi spermatozoa, koma osatumizidwa pachiberekero? Ndi chilolezo cha "mbuye" iwo ali ozizira ndipo, ngati zoyesayesa zoyamba zikulephera, chitani chotsatira, osasunthira awo omwe atsala. Ngati katundu wagwiritsidwa ntchito, njirayi imayambira kuyambira pachiyambi.
Kodi kutenga ECO ndi kubereka kumasiyana ndi "zachibadwa"?
Pambuyo poyesetsa kwa akatswiri a Dipatimenti ya IVF mayiyo amatenga mimba, amayi omwe akuyembekezera akhoza kupitiliza kuwonetsedwa pamalo alionse abwino (mwachitsanzo, pa zokambirana za amayi). Mimba imeneyi imafuna madokotala, koma osati chifukwa chakuti chinachake chimasiyana ndi zomwe zachitika mwachibadwa. Ndizowona kuti amayi nthawi zambiri amapita ku IVF (mwatsoka) ali ndi zaka ngati ali ndi mavuto omwe angalepheretse kuchita zinthu mofatsa. Kodi iwo ndi chiyani? Choyamba, zaka, kachiwiri, matenda aakulu, kulemera kwakukulu. Kubadwa kumeneku sikudzakhalanso kosiyana kwambiri ndi kachitidwe kawo. Zoonadi, akazi ochokera ku Dipatimenti ya ECO ali ndi mwayi wokonza gawo lachirombo. M'magazini ino, maunthu ofanana omwe tawatchula pamwambawa akuganiziridwa: zaka, matenda, maubereki ambiri. Mwa njira, ngati izo zikufika pa zitatu, ndiye mulimonsemo izo zimawoneka mwa kuwala mwa opaleshoni, ndipo zaka za mayi sizichita nazo izo.
Kodi makolo angafunse katswiri kuti "abzala" kamwana kameneka?
Angathe, koma ngati ali ndi atsikana atatu kapena anyamata atatu kapena m'mbiri ya banja ali ndi matenda obadwa nawo ogonana, monga hemophilia. Mavuto ena onse akutsatiridwa ndi ndondomeko ya World Health Organisation, yomwe siingalimbikitse makolo kusankha chisankho cha mwana wawo wam'tsogolo.
Chifukwa chiyani IVF ndi yotsika mtengo?
Mu njira zambiri, mtengowu umatsimikiziridwa ndi mankhwala a mahomoni. Kuwonjezera apo, zipangizo zonse zomwe madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito zimathetsedwa komanso zimapindulitsa kwambiri. Chiyeso chimodzicho chidzawononga ndalama zokwana madola 3.5,000. Kuyembekeza thandizo la boma sikofunikira: lamulo lalamulo, malinga ndi momwe IVF yoyamba idzakhala yomasuka, ikudikira ola lake.