Anthu Achibadwa, Makolo, Momwe Mwana Adzakhalire

Ngakhale mu nthawi zakale, anthu ankaganiza kuti pali chinthu chonga chibadwidwe, ndipo anali ndi chidwi ndi izi, monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi mabuku akale. Koma kokha pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, nthawi zonse zokhudzana ndi majini anazipeza ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo ku Austria Gregor Mendel. Ichi chinali sitepe yoyamba pa njira yopita ku ma genetic. Ndipo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, asayansi anayamba kufufuza njira zamagetsi zomwe zimayendetsa ubongo. Mu 1953 chipangizo cha DNA chinasinthidwa, ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nthawi zofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya biology. Ndipo tsopano aliyense akudziwa kuti DNA ndi deoxyribonucleic acid, yomwe ili ndi chidziwitso cha majini. DNA imakhala ndi mbiri yokhudza munthu, za umunthu wake ndi makhalidwe ake. Selo lirilonse la thupi la munthu lili ndi DNA-zizindikiro ziwiri - kuchokera kwa mayi ndi kwa bambo. Choncho, nkhani ya DNA ndi "yosakanikirana," komanso kuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyana kwa munthu aliyense, yemwe ali ndi moyo yekhayo, amawonekera. Kodi mwana wamwamuna kapena abambo wam'tsogolo adzafanana ndi ndani, kapena mwinamwake agogo kapena agogo ake? Mutu wa nkhani yathu lero ndi "Human Genetics, Parents, What Child Will Be".

Zomwe zimaphatikizapo zamoyo, ndizovuta kunena. Anthu akuyesera kuneneratu, koma chikhalidwe ndi ma genetic akungoyamba ntchito yawo. Pakupanga mapangidwe a chibadwa cha mwana, majini amphamvu (olemera) ndi ofooka amathandiza. Zizindikiro za majini amphamvu zimaphatikizapo tsitsi lakuda, komanso kupindika; maso a bulauni, obiriwira kapena obiriwira; khungu lakuda; maliseche mwa amuna; Rh; II, III ndi IV magulu ndi zizindikiro zina. Amaphatikizanso mphuno yayikuru, mphuno ndi mimba, makutu akulu, milomo yowumitsa, mphuno yapamwamba, chingwe cholimba ndi zina zooneka bwino. Zowonongeka za jini zimaphatikizapo zofiira, zowala, zoongoka; imvi, maso a buluu; khungu lowala; kumeta kwa akazi; Rh; Mwazi wamagazi ndi zizindikiro zina. Matenda akuluakulu komanso opatsirana kwambiri amachitanso kuti adziwe matenda ena.

Choncho, mwanayo amatenga mitundu yambiri ya majini. Mwachitsanzo, mwana akhoza kukhala ndi mtundu wa tsitsi la abambo, maso a bulauni a amayi, tsitsi la agogo okalamba ndi agogo a "agani". Kodi dongosolo la cholowa cha majini limawoneka bwanji? Munthu aliyense ali ndi majini awiri - kuchokera kwa mayi, ndi kwa bambo. Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna ndi mkazi ali ndi maso a bulauni, koma aliyense wa iwo ali ndi jini yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi mtundu wa mtundu wa buluu womwe umachokera kwa makolo. Pa 75% amapepala awiriwa adzakhala ndi mwana wamaso, ndipo 25% - maso a buluu. Koma nthawi zina, makolo owona bwino amabadwa ana amdima, chifukwa makolowo anali ndi jini yomwe imadalira maso awo, omwe anawapatsanso kwa makolo awo, koma sanawoneke ngati olamulira. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zovuta kwambiri kuposa kungoyamba kulimbana ndi majeremusi akuluakulu komanso opambana.

Deta zakunja za munthuyo ndi zotsatira za kusanganikirana kwa majini angapo, choncho zotsatira sizingaganizidwe nthawizonse. Tiyeni tipereke chitsanzo china ndi mtundu wa tsitsi. Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna ali ndi jini yambiri ya tsitsi lakuda, ndipo mkazi ali ndi jini yambiri ya tsitsi lofiira. Mwana wawo, mwinamwake, adzakhala ndi mthunzi wamdima. Ndipo pamene mwanayo akukula, ana ake omwe akhoza kukhala ndi tsitsi lofiira. Nchifukwa chiyani izi zingatheke? Kuchokera kwa makolo, mwana uyu analandira majini awiri - jini lalikulu la tsitsi lofiira (limene linadziwonetsera palokha) ndi jini lopatsirana la tsitsi lofiira. Gulu loyambitsa matendawa lingagwirizane ndi mazira ochepa omwe ali nawo pachilombo cha mwanayo ndikupambana mu "nkhondo" iyi. Choncho, munthu akhoza kutenga majeremusi ngakhale achibale akutali, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera kwa agogo-agogo aakazi, omwe angakhale odabwitsa kwa makolo.

Nthawi zina majini omwewo amatha kugwira ntchito zingapo kamodzi. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mtundu wa diso uli ndi majini angapo omwe akuphatikizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma nthawi zina zingatheke. Mwachitsanzo, makolo akuda maso sangakhale ndi ana a maso a buluu. Koma ana a maso a bulauni amabadwa kawirikawiri ndi maso a bulauni (ndi mitundu yosiyana ya mithunzi) makolo, koma maso a buluu akhoza kubadwa. Makolo omwe ali ndi maso a buluu kapena a imvi, mwachiwonekere, padzakhala ana a maso a buluu kapena akuda.

N'zovuta kufotokoza kukula kwa mwanayo komanso kukula kwa phazi. Zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi kapena kukulako zikhoza kutengedwa, koma pano zonse sizidalira kokha za ma genealo. Inde, makolo apamwamba ali ndi mwana kuposa oposa. Koma zimadalira momwe amayi am'tsogolo amachitira pa nthawi ya mimba, mmene mwana amadyetsedwa, matenda omwe anali nawo, ndi zina zotero. Ngati mwanayo ali bwino komanso atadyetsedwa bwino, agona, asuntha kwambiri, amalowa masewera, ndiye ali ndi mwayi wonse kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya kukula. Komanso, nthawi zina ngakhale mawonekedwe a nkhope amagawidwa kwa ana kuchokera kwa makolo, mawonekedwe a nkhope.

Makhalidwe a khalidwe, khalidwe, komanso, zimafalitsidwa, koma n'zovuta kufotokozera. Koma chikhalidwe cha mwanayo sikuti ndi ma genetic okha, komanso maphunziro, chilengedwe, udindo pakati pa anthu. Ana amakhalanso ndi makhalidwe ena pamene amalankhulana ndi makolo awo, choncho makolo ayenera kukhala osamala komanso osamala - kusonyeza makhalidwe abwino, kusonyeza ana chitsanzo chabwino cha khalidwe.

Ndipo, ndithudi, msinkhu wa luntha, malingaliro, malingaliro a sayansi zosiyanasiyana, zofuna, zosangalatsa, nayenso, zimafalitsidwa zenizeni (mwina - mpaka 60%), mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa nyimbo, kuvina, masewera, masamu, kujambula ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezera apo, ngakhale kulawa, fungo ndi zokonda za mtundu zimachotsedwa, mwachitsanzo, chikondi chowotcha kapena chokoma ndi zina zotero.

Pali lingaliro lakuti anyamata ali ngati amayi, ndipo atsikana amakhala ngati bambo. Izi ndi zoona, koma pokhapokha. Ndipotu, anyamata nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati amayi awo, chifukwa amachokera ku X-chromosome, yomwe ili ndi majini ambiri omwe amayenera kuoneka, ndipo papa amakhala ndi Y-chromosome. Atsikana amalandira chithandizo cha X chromosome chomwecho kuchokera kwa bambo ndi mayi awo, kotero iwo akhoza kukhala ofanana ndi onse, komanso kwa kholo lina.

Kugonana kwa mwana wosabadwa kumadalira kwathunthu mwamunayo. Maselo achiwerewere ali ndi X-chromosomes yokha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ovule iliyonse panthawi yomwe imakhala ndi pakati, imakhala ndi X-chromosome yokha. Ndipo maselo achiwerewere ali ndi X ndi Y chromosomes. Y-chromosomes ndi imene imayambitsa mwana wamwamuna. Choncho, ngati X chromosome yazimayi imakomana ndi X chromosome yamwamuna, mtsikana adzabadwa. Ndipo ngati chromosome yachikazi ikumana ndi Y chromosome yamwamuna, ndiye kuti mwana adzabadwa.

Ndipotu, zilibe kanthu kuti mwana adzakhala ndi chiwerewere chotani, ndipo maso ake ndi tsitsi lake lidzakhala ndi mtundu wanji. Chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti mwana akhale wathanzi komanso wosangalala, komanso makolo ake! Tsopano mukudziwa momwe chibadwa cha anthu, makolo, chomwe chidzakhalire mwana, chimadalira moyo wanu! Musaiwale kukhala ndi moyo wabwino!