Kumene mungayang'ane
Pali machitidwe awiri ofanana mu thupi la munthu: magazi ndi maselo a mitsempha. Ngati magazi ali ngati chakudya, ndiye kuti mliri ndi ntchito yoyeretsa. Madzi otseguka (timachitcha kuti kuyamwa) samalowerera ndi kuchotsa thupi lonse maselo owopsa ndi ovulaza, ngakhale maselo osinthika. Thupi lathu liri ndi malita awiri kapena awiri a madzi awa. Mmene thupi limagwirira ntchito limaphatikizapo zotengera zam'mimba komanso ziwalo zam'thupi monga lymph nodes, spleen ndi thymus. Malo a minofu ya mthemphasi ndi, mwachitsanzo, pamatumbo, mmimba, m'mimba mwachinyama ndi khungu. Zilonda zam'mimba zam'mimba zimakhala zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mwachitsanzo, maselo a mitsempha ya m'khosi amatetezera ku matenda komanso matumbo a mutu ndi ziwalo zomwe zili pamutu. Maselo am'mimba amatulutsa ma lymphocytes (maselo oyera a magazi, omwe ali oteteza kwambiri ku matenda osiyanasiyana, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda). Awa ndiye gulu la chitetezo chathu. Nodezi ndizo zotetezera zomwe zimalepheretsa kulowa kwa zinthu zomwe zingakhale zoopsa poizoni m'magazi onse: m'magawo omwe amapita "awo" ndikuwononga "alendo", motero amateteza chitetezo chawo. Mankhwala am'mimba amapezeka pambali ya mitsempha yamagulu, masango khumi mpaka pafupi ndi mitsempha ya magazi, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi mitsempha yayikulu. Pafupifupi magulu 150 a ma lymph nodes amachoka mu thupi la munthu. Pakati pa malo omwe amapezeka pamtengowo ndi kupima - pamtambo, nape, m'makutu, m'mapiko ndi m'mabondo, m'dera lamapiri.
Ndondomeko yoteteza
Mu mitsempha ya mitsempha, pali "kugawidwa kwa ntchito", kotero kuti maselo a mitsempha sangapezeke mwadzidzidzi, koma ngati pambali ya mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, tonizi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mpanda wa m'mimba komanso m'mimba. Nthenda iliyonse imalandira lymph kuchokera ku ziwalo zokha zomwe zimayambitsa zitsulo zamadzimadzi. M'mimba ya mitsempha pali mitundu iwiri ya ziwiya: zotengera zomwe zimalowa mu mphuno zimatchedwa kubweretsa, ntchito yawo ndi yopulumutsa maselo. Zombo zomwe zimachoka ku mitsempha yam'mimba zimakhala ndi vuto lina - zimasokoneza khungu. Motero, ma lymphocytes ali ndi zinthu zokhazokha: pazigawozo zimasokonezedwa. Mtetezi wa chitetezo uli ndi "antchito" - thymus, kapena thymus gland. Ichi ndi chiwalo chomwe chimayendetsa ntchito ya thupi lonse la lymph. Thymus imapangidwanso musanayambe kupanga ma lymphoid, pa sabata lachisanu la mimba. Ili kumbuyo kwa chigawo chapamwamba cha sternum. Maselo amagazi a magazi amene amapanga mafupa, kulowa mu thymus, amasanduka ma T-lymphocyte osadziletsa. Maselo amenewa, pamodzi ndi ma B-lymphocytes m'makina amaliseche, "kuzunzidwa" matupi achilendo a thupi. T-maselo amayenda kudutsa thupi limodzi ndi amanjenje. Ali mwana, thymus imayamba 'kuuma,' ndipo imakhala minofu yambiri pamene imakalamba. Ndili ndi zaka, zimakhala m'malo mwa mafuta, chifukwa chake anthu achikulire akulimbana ndi matenda.
Ngati mitsempha yamakono imakula
Malo omwe amapezeka m'malo am'mimba amodzi komanso kuwonjezeka kwawo amatha kuyankhula za matenda a ziwalo zozungulira. Choncho, chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana pogonana, kuwonjezeka kwa maselo a inguinal ndi khalidwe, ndi angina ndi kupweteka kwa mmero, kupweteka kwa pakhosi. Munthu wodalirika yekha angadziwe kuti pali matenda kapena matenda omwe ali ndi kukula kwa maselo am'mimba. M'madera abwino, maselo am'mimba amakhala osagwedezeka. Kawirikawiri zimakhala m'mphepete mwa dera lomwe pali ngozi yomwe ikukula kwa thupi - matenda kapena chotupa. Koma kumbukirani kuti nsapato yotupa m'khosi ikhoza kuchitira umboni za ARVI, ndi kuvunda kwa dzino, komanso ngakhale kuti mumangotentha kwambiri dzuwa. Mwinamwake mliriwu udzabwerera kudziko lawo lokha popanda kuchitapo kanthu, kotero sikuli koyenera kupanga matenda opatsirana nthawi yomweyo. Nthaŵi zina lymph node yolongosoka bwino ndi yosiyana ndi yachizoloŵezi. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri anthu amatha kulemera. Mu ana oonda izi zingakhale zochitika zakumanga. Komabe, zimadziwika kuti kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukula kwa maselo amodzi amodzi - kuposa masentimita 2.5 - nthawi zambiri amasonyeza matenda aakulu. Dokotala wodwalayo amatha kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli: kuyambira ndi kulumpha pang'ono, ndiye kugwiritsa ntchito deta ya ultrasound ndi kuyezetsa magazi. Kuti apeze matendawa, amatha kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta amtundu winawake, omwe amapeza "magawo" ochepa kwambiri - mafano a mitsempha yambiri komanso pafupi ndi malo am'mimba. Ngati minofu yowonjezereka ikuwonjezeka, ndiye kuti musagwiritse ntchito njira zosiyana siyana: mazira otenthedwa, ozizira kapena otentha, otsekemera kapena osambira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito "mankhwala osokoneza bongo" ndi kutentha. Mankhwalawa amatupa, popeza pali nkhondo yogwira ntchito ndi zowopsa, zonsezi zidzakuthandizira kuti mufalitse matendawa kudzera mu thupi.
Malo odwala
Kuonjezera kukulitsa mliri wamatenda, ndikofunikira kumvetsera kukhalapo kwa zopweteka zopweteka. Pankhaniyi, kupweteka kumasonyeza kuti mliriwu umakhudzidwa, ndipo palibe chifukwa chakuti matendawa ali pafupi. Ichi ndicho kusiyana kwakukulu. Lymphadenopathy ndi kupweteka kosaopsa kwa mitsempha yotchedwa lymph node, yomwe imasonyeza kuti matendawa ali m'ziwalo kapena minofu yoyandikana ndi mfundo iyi. Ngati lymph node imakhala yotupa, ndikofunika kumvetsera ngati kutentha kumatuluka, kaya node ikuwonjezeka mu volume. Njira zoterezi zimachitika motsatira mbuyo kapena pambuyo pozilandira. Pamapeto pa chithandizo chamankhwala, mfundozi ziyenera kubwerera kumbuyo. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ma lymph nodes kungasonyeze matenda aakulu: mavairasi, fungal kapena bakiteriya. Ndi chithandizo choyenera cha mankhwala ndi mankhwala, njira ndi nthawi ziyenera kuchepa kukula. Mfundo ina yofunika ndi katemera. Kawirikawiri, kukulitsa kachipangizo kameneka kumapezeka pakapita katemera motsutsana ndi diphtheria, pertussis ndi tetanus (DTP). Ndipo, madokotala amachititsa munthu kuganiza kuti mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala ena, zomwe zingathenso kuwonjezera kanthawi kochepa. Lingaliro la Darwin la chisinthiko linakhudza kwambiri asayansi kuti chirichonse mu thupi laumunthu, chimene sichinali kufotokozedwa, chinkaonedwa ngati chophatikizira (chosamveka, chogwirizana ndi zakale). Choyamba, toni ndi zowonjezereka zinagwera mzere uno. Mpaka mapeto a zaka za m'ma XX akukhulupiliridwa kuti angathe kudula popanda chiopsezo cha thanzi, osati pokhapokha pa kutupa. Madokotala ena analimbikitsa kuti achotsedwe "pasadakhale" kuti asakhale ndi mavuto ngati atha. Tsopano madokotala kuzungulira dziko lapansi afika pamaganizo omwewo: anthu omwe ali ndi zilonda zochotsedwa kapena zovomerezeka ali pachiopsezo cha matenda aakulu. Zida zam'mimba - zokhazokha pamutu ndi pamutu, ndi kuzidula - zikutanthauza kudula mbali ya chitetezo cha mthupi, osati kokha kapepala ka kupuma, komanso kumva, masomphenya, ubongo. Kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za ntchito ya tonsils kunapangitsa kuti zinthu zitheke bwino: zinawoneka ngati ali ndi ma laboratory omenyera. Ndipo matayoni samangotenga matenda okha, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amabwera kwa ife kuchokera kunja, kuchokera mlengalenga kapena kuchokera ku chakudya, komanso kuchokera mkati - pali chitetezo chokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa khansa. Mfundo ndi yakuti mtundu wa B-limfocytes, womwe umayang'anira chitetezo cha tsamba lopuma komanso kumtunda kwa chigawo cha m'mimba, ikukula apa. Chigawo cha m'mimba ndi njira imene kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zakunja nthawi zonse imayenda.
Pano pamutu uwu m'matumbo ndi "poyera" mabungwe a lymphoid, omwe ali amphamvu kwambiri - muzowonjezereka. M'malo osakanikirana a zowonjezeretsa khoma, mabala ambiri a mitsempha yoteteza m'matumbo apezeka, onse odwala ndi opatsirana. Chifukwa cha minofu yochuluka ya lymphoid, nthawi zina zowonjezera zimatchedwa "matumbo amygdala". Zakumapeto "zimachepetsa" tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amayesera kuchulukitsa m'matumbo. M'kati mwa zowonjezereka nthawi zonse pamakhala chida cholimba cha ndodo, chomwe chimapanga ma immunoglobulins ndi ma mucins omwe angathe kubwezeretsa matumbo ngati dysbacteriosis imapezeka. Palinso mavesi omwe zowonjezera zimateteza matenda ndi ziwalo zowuma. Choncho, zowonjezera zimachotsedwa pokhapokha ngati kutupa kwake kumachitika. Ngati mliriwu sungowonjezereka koma umapwetekanso, matendawa amatchedwa "lymphadenitis." Amakhalanso ndi matenda osiyanasiyana a bakiteriya kapena mavairasi. Koma kusiyana kwake ndiko kuti ma antibodies mu node sakanatha kulimbana ndi matenda ndipo mwinamwake kukhutitsidwa. Koma n'zosatheka kuweruza ndi zowawa zokha za matendawa. Mwachitsanzo, ali mwana komanso ali mwana, matenda opatsirana amtundu wotchedwa mononucleosis ndi ofala, komanso kwa anthu achikulire - nyamakazi ya nyamakazi. Mfundo ina yofunikira ya kugonana si malo komanso kukula kwa node, komanso kukula kwake. Zowonjezereka kwambiri ndizimenezi, mofulumira dokotala. Musaganize kuti izi ndi "wen". Dokotala yekha ndi amene angapangitse kuti adziwe momwe moyo wanu umadalira.