Pa zotupa zonse zomwe zimadziwika padziko lapansi, madzi ndiwo ambiri padziko lapansi. M'madzi, chirichonse chimasungunuka, ndipo munthu ndi chimodzimodzi. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la sayansi, munthu aliyense wamkulu amakhala ndi 40 peresenti ya "zotsalira zouma", ndi china chirichonse ... madzi. Amakhulupirira kuti popanda kugwiritsa ntchito madzi mungakhale pafupifupi sabata imodzi. Mpweya ndi kugona kokha ndizobwino kwa thupi lathu. Zinthu zambiri zofunikira pa thanzi, makamaka mchere ndi momwe zimakhalira, zimachokera m'matumbo a m'mimba monga njira zamadzimadzi. Udindo wa madzi, kusunga thanzi, ndi chitukuko cha matenda. Funso limabwera - ndi madzi otani omwe amathandiza thupi laumunthu, ndipo zomwe siziri. Izi tidzayesa kuzipeza m'nkhaniyi.
Kodi n'zotheka kumwa mvula?
Mu chilengedwe, madzi "oyera", ndiko kuti, H 2 O ndi zina zambiri, ndi madzi amvula okha. Koma pazifukwa zina, kuyambira kale, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumwera kokha ngati njira yomaliza, ndiko kuti, pamene pali mwayi weniweni wakufa ndi ludzu. Mwachiwonekere, choonadi chosasinthika ndicho chotsatira cha zaka mazana afukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsalira ya cone stuffing. Nzeru yakufala motereyi imati: Mvula ndi yabwino kwa zomera ndi kutsuka zovala, komanso chifukwa chakumwa - ayi.
Ngakhale panali malingaliro ena angapo. Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka Abu Ali Ibn Sinai, kapena Avicenna yekha, adakhulupirira kuti "mvula yamadzi ndi ya madzi abwino, makamaka omwe amagwa m'chilimwe kuchokera ku mabingu," osati "m'mitambo yothamanga ndi mphepo yamkuntho" / 1 /. Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages zoyera bwino, munthu wanzeru analimbikitsa madzi otentha, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa pakagwa mvula, pofuna kupewa "kuvulaza". Mpata waukulu kwambiri wochotsa ludzu kwa munthu kuti apindule ndi zamoyo ndi dokotala wamkulu wa ku Central Asia amene amaganizira zitsime zachilengedwe kumene madzi akuthamangira panja, otengeka ndi "mphamvu yeniyeni." Madzi a zitsime ndi ngalande za pansi pa nthaka ankaonedwa kuti ndizoipa kwambiri kuposa masika, ndipo "yomwe inali yopakidwa ndi mapepala oyendetsa" inali yopanda phindu.
Malingana ndi sayansi yamakono, cholinga chake ndi kufufuza ndi kutsimikizira, zomwe kale zimadziwika, ndizomveka kumvetsa chifukwa chomwe madzi ochokera kumwamba sathandiza thupi la munthu. Choyamba, madzi, omwe amatha kuchokera padziko lapansi, m'dziko lamakono amaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi zoyendetsa ndi mafakitale. Kuyeretsa kwa nyanja yachisanu kumatithandizanso kwambiri. Pa megacities zambiri tsopano imayima fog. Kotero, mmalo momasulidwa pa kukwera kwa mlengalenga, madzi amvula amalandiranso zosayembekezereka zambiri. Ши Cши Cши C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Mvula ndi ammonia, carbon disulphide, mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo akugwa pa malo akulima, ndipo mvula yamvula imabwera pa zomera ndi mafakitale / 2 /.
Chachiwiri, distillation yachilengedwe imalepheretsa madzi a mvula kukhala opindulitsa kuwonjezera mchere wa thupi la munthu. Madzi akumwamba amawoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi a padziko lapansi, kotero ngakhale atatha kuyeretsa sikutheka kumamwa kwa nthawi yayitali - mthupi limasokonezeka. Zamoyo zimakula kwambiri m'magazi a ma chlorine, potassium ndi sodium yomwe ikusowa, kenako amawachotsa mwamphamvu mu impso ndi mkodzo. Kuwonjezera apo, madzi, mvula, osakanizidwa kapena osakanizidwa ndi osasangalatsa mu kulawa ndipo amaletsa njala / 3 /.
Kodi madzi ali mu chitoliro ndi chiyani?
Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira zowonjezereka za mizinda yamakono m'madzi oledzera, malo otseguka amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Awa ndiwo mitsinje ndi nyanja. Pambuyo poyeretsa siteji (coagulation, precipitation, filtration ndi potsiriza chlorination), madzi amalowa mumzinda wa madzi, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko amapita kunyumba iliyonse. Momwemonso, ubwino wa madzi mu crane umadalira zinthu zambiri:
- Kukula kwa mitsinje ndi nyanja zomwe zimakhala ngati chiyambi cha madzi;
- Mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe cha malo ogulitsa madzi;
- Mipope ya madzi.
Chabwino, tsopano pa mfundozo. Tapeza kale kuti kumwa mvula kumabweretsa thanzi labwino. Ponena za madzi a mtsinjewu, mwinamwake sudzafika pa malingaliro a munthu aliyense. Inde, ngakhale kuganizira kuti m'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha zovuta zapadziko lonse, chilengedwe cha malo otseguka chitukuko chakhala bwino, sichinakhudze ubwino wa madzi a pompopu.
Maofesi oyenerera akumanabe ndi chikhalidwe cha madzi. Chinthu chinanso ndi teknoloji yokhayokha, imene ambiri amaona kuti nthawi yayitali ndi yotayika. Ши Cши C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Zina mwa chlorine nthawi zina zimaposa chizoloŵezi.
Palibe munthu amene amakonda madzi ndi chlorine komanso fungo lake. Ши CшиTH C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C NaAH C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C AS C AS C CHA C CHA IS C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C P P »140 C U \ C Chifukwa cha klorini yoteteza matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito matepi, kuyambira mu 1904 chiwerengero cha matenda opatsirana m'mimba chachepa kwambiri, matenda a kolera ndi typhus akhala akutha. Ndipo ngakhale zofukufuku zomwe zinayamba mu 70-80. Zaka 100 zapitazi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chlorine ikalowerere poyambitsa zosaopsa za khansa (chloroform), madzi opopopera amapitiriza kuyendayenda.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti zinthu zambiri za m'magazi m'madzi sizifika pamlingo wovuta ndipo zikufanana ndi zomwe timapuma kapena zomwe timadya. Kotero, mdierekezi sali woopsa kwambiri ngati iye ali wopaka. Kuonjezerapo, chlorini ndi chloroform zimachokera m'madzi potentha (4). Koma palinso chisangalalo chosatha, chomwe chimachititsa anthu okhala mmudzi kukatsanulira tiyi "mumzinda" mu chimbuzi musanayambe kupuma.
Cши Cши C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C There Ambiri mwa iwo ali ndi makina opangidwa ndi mpweya monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa US Environmental Protection Commission, chlorine, yomwe imapanga chloroform ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, ndi magulu a makala amachokera ku chithupsa amapanga poizoni kwambiri - dioxin. Kuwona kuvulaza kwake, ndikwanira kungoyang'ana nkhope ya wakale wa Purezidenti Viktor Yushchenko.
Mfundo ina ndi chidebe cha madzi. Apanso, chifukwa cha klorini, madzi amapepala amateteza chitetezo chake, ngakhale kuti amatha kupyolera m'mipope yachitsulo. Koma madzi osinthanitsa mabotolo amitundu yambiri ndi "biringanya", komanso amatsanulira ku ng'oma ya galimoto - ayi.
Kodi timagulitsa madzi otani?
Malingana ndi deta zina, mu chidebe choyambirira cha pulasitiki, madzi oyambirira oyeretsa, omwe amasungidwa mosayenera ndi ntchito ya akasinja, amayamba ... kuti "akuphuke". Ndipotu, ambiri azindikira kuti patapita nthawi, kuwala kobiriwira kumaoneka mkati mwa botolo. Awa ndiwo algae kapena green cyanobacteria omwe amatulutsa poizoni wa BMAA, ndipo amachititsa matenda aakulu a m'magazi (Alzheimer's, Parkinson ndi amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
Zotsatira:
- Ndi bwino kumwera kuchokera ku kasupe komwe kuli malo abwino, makamaka ngati gwero lake siliri pansi pamadzi, ndiko kuti, madzi amvula, ndi kutanthauzira "zakale";
- Mphepete mwa madzi ndi otetezeka, koma kumwa mowa ndi kovuta. Kuyeretsa ndi zitsulo za kaboni mmalo mwa ubwino kungakhale kovulaza. Ngati madzi ojambulidwawo wiritsani chlorine otsala pamodzi ndi kaboni imapatsa poizoni woopsa kwambiri;
- Gulani madzi kuchokera ku magalimoto kapena musunge kwa zaka zambiri mu biringanya zomwezo, chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa poizoni mankhwala a moyo wa blue-green algae.
Literature:
- Pa ubwino wa madzi (madzi amvula). "Canon ya sayansi ya zamankhwala", Abu Ali bin Sina (Avicenna)
- Mvula yamvula. Journal of Health, 1989, No. 6
- OV Mosin. Mphamvu ya madzi osungunuka pa thupi.
- Chlorini m'madzi ndi abwino kapena yoipa? Journal of Science and Life, No. 1, 1999.