Laibulale yotchuka ya mabuku a dothi

Aliyense amadziwa kuti bukuli ndi limodzi mwa magwero akuluakulu. Limatiphunzitsa kuganiza, kulingalira, kumva. Ichi ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali, chuma cha anthu onse, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku ambirimbiri a mabuku padziko lonse lapansi. Mmodzi mwa iwo unakhazikitsidwa panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Ashurbanipale mu 669-633 BC ku Nineve. Zinali zapadera, popeza zinali ndi "mabuku" a zidongo 30,000. Iwo anawuka chifukwa cha moto umene unayamba chifukwa cha nkhondo za Mediya ndi Babulo.

Mabuku oyambirira ndi Nineve

Nineve anali m'dera la Iran wamakono. Mzindawu unali ndi malo omveka bwino, omwe palibe amene adafuna kuti aswe. Ndipo mu 612 BC. Mzindawo unawonongedwa ndipo unatenthedwa ndi asilikali a Ababulo ndi Amedi.

Mabuku oyambirira anabweretsedwa kuno kuchokera m'mayiko omwe Asuri anatsogolera nkhondo ndi kuwagonjetsa. Kuchokera apo, okonda mabuku aonekera mu dzikolo. Koma Tsar Ashshubanipale mwiniwake, anali munthu wophunzira kwambiri, adaphunzira kuŵerenga ndi kulemba akadali mwana, ndipo panthawi ya ulamuliro anali ndi laibulale yaikulu, pansi pake adasankha zipinda zingapo m'nyumba yake yachifumu. Anaphunzira sayansi yonse ya nthawiyo.

Mu 1849 woyenda Chingerezi Lejjard pakufukula anapeza mabwinja, omwe adaikidwa m'manda kwa zaka zambiri. Kwa nthawi yaitali palibe munthu amene amaganiza kuti mtengowu ndi wofunika. Ndipo kokha pamene akatswiri amakono aphunzira kuwerenga malemba a Ababulo, mtengo wawo weniweni unadziwika.

Kodi pali masamba ati a m'mabuku?

Mapepala a dongo anali ndi chikhalidwe cha Sumer ndi Akkad. Iwo amati ngakhale ngakhale kale, akatswiri a masamu anatha kuchita zambiri masamu: kuwerengera peresenti, kuyesa malo, kukweza nambala ku mphamvu ndikuchotsa mizu. Iwo ngakhale anali ndi tebulo lawo lokwanira, ngakhale zinali zovuta kwambiri kuzizindikira kuposa zomwe ife tikuzigwiritsa ntchito tsopano. Komanso, muyeso wa sabata mwa masiku asanu ndi awiri enieni amachokera nthawi yomweyo.

"Bukhuli ndiwindo laling'onoting'ono, dziko lonse likuwoneka mmenemo"

"Mudzawerenga mabuku - mudzadziwa zonse"

"Ngale amachoka m'nyanja yakuya, chidziwitso chimachokera ku kuya kwa mabuku"

Chilengedwe ndi zinthu zosungirako

Mabuku otukuka ankasungidwa m'njira yosangalatsa kwambiri. Kutchula dzina ndi tsamba la tsamba pamunsi pa bukhuli ndilo lamulo lalikulu. Komanso mu bukhu lirilonse lotsatira, mzere umene wapitawo unatha unalembedwa. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti adasungidwa mwakhama. Kuwonjezera apo, panali ngakhale kabukhuko mu laibulale ya Ninnesian, yomwe dzina, nambala ya mizere ndi nthambi yomwe bukulo linali nalo linalembedwa. Panalinso mabuku ovomerezeka, nkhani za oyenda, chidziwitso cha mankhwala, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madikishonale ndi makalata.

Kuwala kwa chilengedwe chawo chinali chapamwamba kwambiri. Choyamba chinali chosakanikirana kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye amapanga mapiritsi ang'onoang'ono ndi kuwalemba ndi ndodo pomwe padakali mvula.