Meshchan mwa olemekezeka
Kumadzulo, maofesi a mafuko okhudza mibadwo ya makolo omwe akhala akugwira ntchito zakale akhala akugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, akuti, ku USA ntchito ya katswiri m'masitolo imatenga madola 20 mpaka 75 pa ora. Palinso makampani oterowo ku Russia, ngakhale kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a iwo ali pa Moscow, ndipo kuyambira 1997 - ku Ukraine. Pamapeto pa kufufuza, zomwe zimadola pafupifupi madola zikwi zitatu, mudzapatsidwa dzina lanu lokhala ndi buku labwino kwambiri kapena chithunzi chokongola kwambiri. Osati aliyense angathe kuthera ndalama pazinthu za katswiri, ambiri amayang'ana mizu yawo okha, ndi kukumba mpaka ku zinthu zokondweretsa kwambiri. Mmodzi mwa mayina anga adapanga webusaiti yathu yomwe imasonkhanitsa zambiri zokhudza nthambi zosiyanasiyana za dzina lathu. Ndikuyamika kuti ndikudziwa kuti makolo anga akutali amachokera ku Novgorod, ndipo pamapeto a zaka za zana la 17 iwo anapita kumadera akum'mwera a Muscovy. Koma ndinali ndi mwayi wotchulidwa ndi dzina: sizolowereka kuti namesakes awonekere mwangozi. Ndipo momwe mungakhalire Kuznetsov kapena Shevchenko, amene ali m'bwalo lililonse - nambala iliyonse? Mbali ina ya mafashoni a mbadwo wobadwira ndi chilakolako cha dziko lokongola kuti liwonetsere mbadwo wolemekezeka. Kukonda okonda malonda ndi amayi amdziko, ngati kuti nthawi zambiri amatha kuyankhulana ndi makolo awo pamodzi mwa mizere - akalonga kapena owerengera. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku zikondwerero za Chiyukireniya, Natalia Mogilevskaya amaukitsa banja lake kwa Petro Manda, Katya Buzhinskaya amachokera ku banja lachifumu la Poland, ndipo Svetlana Loboda nayenso anali ndi abambo ake. Chabwino, ngati makolo olakalaka ndi magazi a buluu alibe njira iliyonse, ndiye kuti mukhoza kukhala woyambitsa watsopano wa mafumu - mwachitsanzo, kugula mutu wolemekezeka. Zaka zingapo zapitazo pa malo a anthu olemekezeka a ku Russia "The New Elite of Russia", mutu wa kalonga adawononga 12,000 euro, chiŵerengero - 8,000, baron - 5,000 ndi hafu zikwi. Zoona, tsopano palibe tsatanetsatane wa gulu ili lopezeka pa intaneti. Koma nkotheka kuti tigwiritse ntchito mndandanda wofanana wa mafuko kuti musonkhanitse ndandanda ya malaya apamanja malinga ndi malamulo onse a heraldry. Kodi sindingazikumbukire bwanji zachikhalidwe - "Meshcherin mu olemekezeka" Moliere ndi ofunika nthawi zonse. Komabe, sikuti onse olemera amayesetsa kukhazikitsa ufumu. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa anthu olemera kwambiri pa dziko lapansi, mzimayi Warren Buffett, akusiya gawo limodzi lokha la chuma chake kwa ana ake - zina zonse zidzakhazikitsidwa ndi maziko achikondi omwe anayambitsa. Malingaliro a Buffett, ana sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe makolo awo analandira, kaya ndalama, kugwirizana kapena maudindo - ayenera kuchita zonse zomwe iwo okha ndikuyembekezera kuti zisadzachitike. Komabe, izi zikufanana ndi maganizo a American: mamiliyoni ambiri omwe timangoyamba kumene amakhala ovuta kwambiri. Ofunafuna mizu yawo akukumba kwambiri m'mbuyo, ngati kuti tsogolo lawo likudalira. Zili ngati cholinga chathu chofanana ndikufika kwa Adamu ndi Hava kuti atsimikizire kuti anthu onse ndi abale, osati mwachinsinsi chabe. N'chifukwa chiyani tikufunikira kufufuza nthawi zonse pakati pa fumbi? Kodi timapeza phindu lanji kuchokera kuzinthu zokhudzana ndi agogo-agogo-agogo-aamuna athu-pambuyo pake, sizingakhale olemekezeka konse?
Zinsinsi za Ancestors Oiwalika
Mitu yambiri ya mibadwo ya makolo imanena kuti makasitomala awo, choyamba, ndi anthu okhwima, okhwima. Sikuti achinyamata amakondwera kwambiri ndi makolo awo komanso mzere wawo. Kuwonjezeka kwa chidwi pa zaka zapitazo (ngati zolemba za mzera wawo sizinali mwambo m'banja) nthawi zambiri zimagwera pa zovuta zakubadwa. Vuto ndilo nthawi yomwe munthu amasintha khalidwe lake, podziwa kuti gawo lotsatira la moyo wake watha, ndipo tikufunikira kuyang'ana china chatsopano. Akutembenukira ku mbiri ya makolo ake, amafuna yankho la mafunso awa: "Ndine yani? Ndine kuti? Ndikupita kuti? "Izi ndi zoona makamaka m'nthawi yathu ino, pamene mgwirizano pakati pa mibadwo ukufooka, ndipo zilembo zambiri zofunika zimatayika chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi zowonongeka. Zoonadi, m'zaka za zana la 20 panali mitengo yambiri ya mafuko omwe anabalalitsidwa mu zipsyinjo. Kwenikweni, ndondomekoyi inayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, pamene mabanja ambiri anasamuka kuchoka kumidzi kupita ku mizinda, ndipo m'mbuyo mwake zolepheretsa za m'kalasi zinayamba kuchepa. Pambuyo pa kusinthika, njirayi inafulumira: ambiri adabisa mfundo yakuti adachokera kwa olemekezeka kapena atsogoleri achipembedzo, kapena athamangidwanso, ataya zolemba zofunika, zithunzi ndi zithunzi zapabanja panjira. Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe, ndiyeno Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, inasiya mamilioni a ana opanda abambo. Ana amasiye analeredwa m'mabanja achilendo kapena m'nyumba za ana amasiye, nthawi zina amaiwala kuti atakhala ndi makolo enieni. M'zaka za m'ma 60 ndi 70, achinyamata adachoka kumidzi kupita kumidzi, kupanga mabanja ndikukhazikika pamalo atsopano. Chotsatira chake, mu dziko lamakono, makamaka m'midzi, pali mabanja ochepa amene akhala kumalo amodzi kwa mibadwo itatu mzere. Kugwirizanitsa mdziko kumathandizanso kuti kusiyana pakati pa mibadwo: achinyamata a lero, makamaka ntchito zaluso, amakonda kukhala nzika za dziko lapansi, akusunthira kumalo osiyanasiyana ndikukhala kunja kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, ufulu wamtundu, womwe ndi wofunika kwa ambiri, nthawi zina umatilemera. Ndiyeno timayamba kulota miyambo, moyo wodalirika, malamulo olimbika omwe akhala akuyesedwa zaka mazana ambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, kulembera munthu wachikulire kapena kungoyankhula ndi achibale ake achikulire ndiwothandiza. Kuphunzira zambiri za moyo wakale, tikuziyerekezera ndi zomwe zilipo panopa ndikuganizira za makhalidwe abwino omwe makolo athu angakhale nawo pakadali pano. Ndipo tikamapindula kwambiri ndikukhala okonzeka bwino, timamvetsetsa bwino kwambiri kuti padzakhala chingwe chokwanira m'mbuyomo, chomwe chiyenera kudzazidwa kuti moyo upeze mgwirizano. Mwachiwonekere, kotero, zikondwerero zimalota olemekezeka a makolo - ntchito zawo zaulemerero zikhoza kutsimikizira kupambana komwe kumapezeka pakalipano. Chikhumbo chomwechi chofuna kufotokoza dziko lonse lapansi za zochitika za makolo awo chikhozanso kuchitira umboni za kusatsimikizika pa zochitika zawo zomwe zilipo: sizowonongeka, zopanda pake, kuti zitsimikizidwe zomwe zimafunikira kuti fumbi likhale lopanda pake, lodalirika kapena lachinyengo? Komabe, tsopano dziko lonse lapansi ndi malo osakhazikika komanso opanda chitetezo, kotero kufunika kwa doko lamtendere, chisa cha banja ndi chofunikira kwambiri. Tikukhala m'dziko la zithunzi zofalitsidwa ndi ogulitsa. Zithunzi izi, zomwe zimaperekedwa monga miyezo - mkazi wamakono ayenera kukhala, ndipo munthu wotero - atisokoneza ife, amatikakamiza, amatipangitsa kumva kuti ndife otsika, ngati sitikugwirizana ndi zifukwa zomwe zimaperekedwa pa izi kapena magawo awo. Pofunafuna chinachake chotsimikizika, pakalipano, tikufuna kukhudza mbiri ya makolo athu. Zomwezo zimagwirizana ndi mafashoni, maolivi, zopangidwa ndi manja: M'dziko lazinthu zofalitsa, anthu amayamba kulota choonadi chokhazikika, ndipo amawafuna kale, omwe ali ndi chifukwa chomwecho. Sizowopsa komanso m'maganizo a maganizo, kutchuka kwa njira zokhudzana ndi kuyanjana kwa banja kumakula.
Liwu la magazi
Amayi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidwi ndi zakale za banja lawo pamene adzipanga okha - mwachitsanzo, akudikirira mwana kapena ali kale pa nthawi yobereka. Kubeleka, monga momwe, kumatithandizira ife kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha mkazi - kukhala woyang'anira banja. Kalekale banja linatsogoleredwa ndi amayi, osati ndi bambo, monga tsopano. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mwambo uwu unasungidwa pakati pa Ayuda, ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe chawo ndi mmalo mwao. Makolo athu amachokera ku choonadi chosavuta kuti bambo wa mwanayo sadziwika kapena ayi munthu aliyense amene mkaziyo amamugwirizanitsa ndi tsogolo lake - koma zonse zimamveka bwino ndi amayi ake. Kuphunzira banja lake, mayi wamtsogolo amafuna thandizo ndi kuthandizira banja lachichepere mwa mibadwo ya makolo ake, makamaka pa mzere wa amayi. Kufunafuna kugwirizanitsa ndi makolo kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zosowa, zomwe akatswiri a zamaganizo amazitcha kuti umembala - kukhala wokonda. Chosowa chovuta kwambiri, mwa njira, chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi ogulitsa malonda: kumbukirani momwe malonda akugulitsira mankhwala osakaniza kapena chakudya monga chothandizira kwa gulu linalake, opangidwa ndi anthu okongola, opambana ndi opambana. Pofuna kumvetsetsa, achinyamata amasonkhana m'magulu ndi maphwando osamveka, ndipo akuluakulu amagwirizanitsa pa intaneti pazitukuko komanso m'madera ozungulira. Koma mwachidziwitso ife nthawi zonse timawona kuti zipsinjo zopanda malire ndizomwe zimagwirizanitsa magazi. Kudziwa makolo awo kumatithandiza kuti nthawi zonse tizimva thandizo lawo losaoneka, izi ndizo zokambirana kuyambira nthawi yaitali, koma anthu apamtima kwambiri. Nthawi zina kufufuza kwa mafuko kumabweretsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka - kuchokera m'nkhani zovuta za moyo, kukumbukira buku lopititsa patsogolo, kumapeto kwa zikhalidwe za banja. Koma kaŵirikaŵiri kubwerera kumalo okhudzana ndi makolo athu sakupatsani mabhonasi, kupatulapo maganizo, koma amakhala amphamvu kwambiri moti pafupifupi chirichonse chomwe tinamva pamaso pawo chimawonekera patsogolo pawo. Katswiri wa zamaganizo anandiuza nkhani ya mayi wina wochokera ku banja la anthu ochoka ku Ukraine omwe anakulira ku America, koma tsiku lina adaganiza kuti amupeze mizu ndipo cholinga chake chinabwera ku Ukraine. Kuyendayenda mu munda wazaka zana omwe agogo ake agogo anabzala, iye adakondwera kwambiri, chowoneka chowoneka bwino kwambiri, chofanana ndi zachinsinsi kapena zachipembedzo. Zikuoneka kuti zakale, atakulungidwa mu chophimba chodabwitsa, ali ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, yomwe sizingachedwe kugawa ndi akatswiri ofufuza. Ndiko kupezeka kwa mphamvu yamtengo wapatali yomwe imapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kulingalira ntchito pa mibadwo yanu monga kutaya nthawi. Ndipo ziribe kanthu ngakhale kuti makolo awo anali otchuka chifukwa cha chinachake kapena anali ndi zomera zowonongeka, anali ndi malaya apachibale, kapena ngakhale sakanakhoza kuwerenga. Ife timasankha zomwe timagulitsa: kukwaniritsa ndi kupitiriza dzina la munthu - kapena mu ubale, kuthandiza anthu. Makolo athu anapanganso kusankha. Kuwerenga mzera wanu, mungapeze zitsanzo zambiri za momwe makolo athu odzichepetsa adakhalira muubwenzi, anathandiza ena, anali achifundo komanso owona mtima. Ndipo mungathe kunena nokha kuti ndilibe malaya, koma sindine "Ivan, osati wachibale" - Ndinabadwanso chifukwa cha mibadwo yambiri ya anthu oyenerera. Ichi ndi chithandizo chimene sitingatayike.
Pedigree in vitro
Wokondedwa wanu angapangidwe osati olemba mbiri okha, komanso madokotala - mwa kufufuza limodzi. Genetics imaloleza osati kungodziwiratu kuti chitukuko chingachitike, koma kumatithandizanso kudziwa kumene mumayambira. Mawu akuti "genomics" adapezeka mu September 1990, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Human Genome Project. Komabe, mapangidwe a sayansiyi adachitika kale - pamene zinaonekeratu kuti mu matenda aumunthu ndikofunika kufufuza "gene track". Kusanthula kwamakono kwa genome kumachitidwa ndi mpeni, ndipo ndikwanira kuchita kamodzi pa moyo. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito biochips. Chofunika kwambiri cha teknolojiyi ndi chakuti pa chipangizo (chikhoza kufanizidwa ndi malipiro a wailesi yamagetsi) mwa dongosolo linalake, "zidutswa" za DNA. Malingana ndi mphamvu ya biochip, tikhoza kuwerengera mamiliyoni angapo SNPs (zigawo zosinthika za genome). Zimakhudza mapangidwe a chibadwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana. Kuwerenga za deta yanu kumathandiza kuti mudziwe za ma genetic omwe ali ndi DNA yofanana ndi ya amayi anu, komanso amuna omwe amatsatira ma DNA. Kupambana pofufuza chibadwa cha munthu kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze achibale anu pakati pa anthu ambiri a ku Asia, Afirika ndi a ku Ulaya, komanso kuti mudziwe kumene makolo anu anachokera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti thupi laumunthu lasintha kusintha kwa chisinthiko, kusintha kwasintha kwawonekera ndipo "kukonzedwa" mmenemo, momwe kuli kotheka kuyang'ana kusuntha kwa mtundu wa anthu. Kudziwa za chiyambi chanu ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe zowonongeka ku matenda ena obadwa nawo. Zimadziwika kuti mitundu ina imakhala yovuta kwambiri ku matenda obadwa nawo kuposa ena. Mwachitsanzo, cystic fibrosis ndizochitika kwa anthu a ku Ulaya, ndipo matenda omwe ali nawo a Nijman Peak ndizoopsa kwa Ayuda a Askenazi. Genomics ikukuthandizani kuti muone ngati chiopsezo cha imfa yodzidzimutsa - chomwe chimatchedwa "sudden sudden syndrome" chimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa mimba ya mtima. Dokotala yemwe akupezekapo kuchokera ku genome wanu sangaphunzirepo za kuikidwa kwa matenda, komanso momwe amachitira mankhwala, kukana HIV, kusagwirizana kwa lactose, maluso a masewera ndi zina zambiri.