Nthaka
Nthaka imagwira ntchito yofunikira pazomera. Chifukwa cha microflora za nthaka ndi organic ndi feteleza feteleza zomwe zimalowetsa, zimasintha mosalekeza. Maonekedwe ake amasintha, kuthekera kusunga chinyezi. Nthaka sayenera kuganiziridwa ngati chinthu chosadziwika, koma ngati chamoyo chamoyo. Zomwe nthaka zimadalira zimadalira chigawo chomwe chinapangidwira, kuchokera ku mabakiteriya, bowa ndi zinyama zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zomwe zimalowa mmenemo, kuchokera ku zomera, komanso ku nyengo.
Maluwa osiyanasiyana am'munda ndi am'mudzi amapanga zofunikira kwambiri pa zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi nthaka. Maluwa ena amakula ndikukula bwino pa nthaka popanda makhalidwe abwino. Ndipo ena, ndi ambiri, amaika zofuna zambiri panthaka. Kulima maluwa, lolemera kwambiri dongo dothi, limene, pambuyo pa mvula kapena kuthirira, madzi amachedwa kwa nthawi yaitali, si abwino popanda kupititsa patsogolo. Ndiponso ozizira, mchenga ndi miyala, mumchenga ndi miyala.
Bungwe loyang'anira maluwa: Onetsetsani kuti nthawi zonse mumamasula nthaka. Kutsegula nthaka kumathandiza kukhalabe chinyezi mmenemo. Kuti zikhale bwino, ziwalo zake zamagetsi zimasintha, kayendedwe kake ka madzi kamadzikulirakulira komanso zomwe zimakhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimachulukitsa kangapo. Komanso kumasula kumakhudza madzi, mpweya ndi kutentha. Kulima kwa dothi kumapangitsa kuti ntchito yofunika ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti tisinthe zakudya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomera.
Feteleza
Mitengo ya feteleza ndi feteleza, yomwe imakhala ndi mchere umodzi kapena wambiri m'mwamba, imathandiza kuti chonde chikhale chonde msanga. Ndipo, chifukwa chake, zimathandizira kukula kwa mitundu ya nyumba. Momwemonso, feteleza amchere ndi ophweka, osakaniza, ovuta komanso owerengeka. Ubwino umodzi wa feteleza mchere ndi kuti ndibwino kuti azitengeretsedwe mosavuta komanso kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzilowetsa m'nthaka kusiyana ndi zakutchire.
Manyowa a feteleza amagwiritsa ntchito ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate ndi urea. Ammonium nitrate ali ndi 33-34% nayitrogeni, motero imatanthauzanso feteleza. Wotulutsidwa m'nthaka, umasungunuka mosavuta ndipo umachita mwamsanga. Zomwe sizikusintha momwe nthaka ikuyendera, ndiye imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamwitsa nthaka zonse zamchere komanso zopanda ndale. Ammonium sulphate amasungunuka bwino m'madzi. Ili ndi pafupifupi 20% ya nayitrogeni. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ammonium sulphate, makamaka pamtunda wowala, kumayambitsa kuyang'ana. Choncho, ngati muwona kuti acidity ya nthaka imatuluka, laimu kapena fupa chakudya chimayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Kapenanso feteleza pamodzi ndi feteleza ena omwe amachititsa kuti amonium sulfate iwonongeke. Kuwonjezera kwa ammonium sulphate pamodzi ndi manyowa kumathandizanso kuti nthaka isamangidwe. Urea (carbamide) ndi yowonjezera yowonjezera nayitrogeni feteleza. Ili ndi 46% ya nayitrogeni.
Phosphate feteleza . Kawirikawiri, pokhala mitundu ya nyumba, powdery ndi granulated superphosphate amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mphamvu superphosphate ndi feteleza yofulumira ndipo imasiyana malinga ndi phosphorus. Superfosphate ya granular ili ndi 20-22% phosphorous ndipo imakhala yabwino kwambiri kuposa phosphorous ya ufa. Choncho, pamene mukudyetsa maluwa maluwa ayenera kupatsidwa kwa iye. Fupa la mafupa lili ndi 29-34% phosphorous, 1.2-1.7% ya nitrojeni ndi 45% ya calcium (chimbudzi). Ankafuna kutulutsa dothi lokhazikika. Posachedwa, yayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono. Potaziyamu kloride, potaziyamu sulphate ndi masamba phulusa ndizofunikira kwambiri potaziyamu feteleza kwa kukula maluwa. Potaziyamu chloride ali ndi 54-62.5% ya potaziyamu. Mitundu ina ya maluwa salola kulemba potaziyamu chloride, chifukwa yawonjezeranso chidwi cha chlorine ions m'nthaka. Sulphate ya potaziyamu ili ndi pakati pa 45 ndi 52% potaziyamu. Phulusa la masamba lili ndi potaziyamu yosiyana, yomwe imasiyana pakati pa 20 ndi 30% malingana ndi zomera zomwe zimapezeka. Zam'madzi a potaziyamu zimadalira kukula kwa zomera: zomwe zimapsereza bwino, ndizowonjezera potaziyamu. Kuonjezera apo, zimadalira mmene ash imasungidwira. Phulusa lomwe lili pamvula ndi losauka potaziyamu.
Manyowa opangidwa ndi feteleza amawoneka bwino ndi zomera. Koma iwo akhoza kukhala opanda kusowa kwa zinthu zina. Choncho, organic feteleza nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi mchere feteleza. Manyowa opangidwa ndi feteleza amaphatikizapo manyowa, manyowa, peat ndi zokonzekera. Chomera china chingagwiritsidwe ntchito: masamba ovunda, singano, sapropel, ndi zina zotero.
Kodi feteleza ndi chiyani? Ma microelements omwe ali mu feteleza ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti kukula ndi kukula kwa zomera. Pamodzi ndi zakudya zofunika kwambiri (nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu), maluwa akumidzi amafunikira zakudya zina zambiri. Monga: boron, bromine, chlorini, aluminium, chitsulo, ayodini, silicon, magnesium, mkuwa, molybdenum, sodium, sulfure, zinc. Zikusowa muzinyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe nthawi zambiri sizimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza.
Bungwe la kusamalidwa maluwa: Mukamayambitsa feteleza osiyanasiyana, muyenera kudziwa malamulo owasakaniza. Ngati kusakaniza kuli kolakwika, zotsatira zowonongeka zimapezeka, chifukwa mankhwala osakanikirana amaoneka, omwe amachepetsa zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, sikuvomerezeka kusakaniza superphosphate ndi calcium nitrate. Njira yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito feteleza yokonzeka yokongola, yokonzekera maluwa ena. Komabe, izi ndi zokondweretsa mtengo, makamaka pamene mukukula maluwa ambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, zimadalira kwambiri acidity ya nthaka, zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi kusagwirizana.
Kukonzekera dziko osakaniza kubzala kunyumba maluwa
Chinthu choyamba chimene muyenera kudziwa pamene mukukula maluwa ndi kuti mizu ya zomera imakula pang'onopang'ono. Choncho nthaka iyenera kukhala ndi zakudya zambiri komanso mabakiteriya. Kuonjezera apo, muyeneranso kudziwa kuti miphika yamaluwa nthawi zonse imapereka maudindo apamwamba pa nthaka kusiyana ndi maluwa omwe ali pamtunda. Kawirikawiri, kuti maluwa amkati ndi omwe amawotcha maluwa amakhala m'miphika kapena pamatumba, zosakaniza za munda wa nthaka zimakonzeka kuganizira makhalidwe ndi zofunikira za mtundu wina wa mitundu ya nyumba. N'zotheka kuwona mitundu yambiri yofunikira ya nthaka ya m'munda ndi magawo ena: malo a sod, masamba a nthaka, peat, greenhouse (humus), nthaka yamtunda, nthaka yamaluwa, nthaka yamatabwa, pine bark, perlite, mchenga wa mtsinje, moss, makala ophwanyika ndi ena.
Dziko la sod ndi lofunika kwambiri monga gawo lomwe limagwirizanitsa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zosakaniza zapadziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zazomera mmenemo, ndi porous ndipo imakhala ndi zakudya zambiri, koma zimakhala zosavuta kuzimvetsa. Dziko losavuta ndi lopepuka, lotayirira ndipo lili ndi zakudya zambiri. Iwo analandira chifukwa cha pereprevaniya wagwa masamba a coniferous ndi deciduous mitengo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu floriculture, makamaka pakukula zomera zomwe sizilekerera manyowa. Malo osungunuka osakanikirana ndi malo osungunuka ndi oyenera kukula maluwa ambiri. Ndiyeneranso kufesa mbewu, monga mbewu za begonia, gloxinia. Mukusakaniza ndi nthaka ya mchenga ndi mchenga, zimalowetsa malo otsika. Dziko losalala, lochokera ku nkhalango za coniferous, limakhala ndi asidi, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito polima azalea, anthurium. Katemera wa masamba a popula, msondodzi, thundu ndi mitengo ina ndi yabwino kwambiri, choncho sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Peatland ndi yopepuka , yotayirira komanso yotentha. Amapezeka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nkhumba ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso makhalidwe a mitundu ina. Zakudya zake sizing'ono kwambiri. Kuyamba peat m'nthaka kumawonjezera mphamvu zake.
Malo otentha otentha amatha kusakaniza manyowa, omwe amatha kutentha zomera zowonjezera, ndikutsanulira pa nthaka yomwe mbewuzo zinakula. Malo otentha otentha amakhala ndi milu, monga kompositi, ndipo patapita nthawi yochepa imakhala yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimathandiza kuti thupi likhale losakanikirana, limatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumtunda. Heather akuyenda bwino kwambiri komanso omasuka, ali ndi zakudya zambiri. Iwo amapezeka chifukwa cha kuvunda kwa zomera zina za banja la Vereskov. Popeza n'zovuta kulandira, zimakhala zodula. Zingathetsedwe m'malo mwa magawo anayi a peat, mbali ziwiri za masamba ndi gawo limodzi la mchenga. Malo a zipatso amachokera kumalo komwe zomera zamasamba zakula, zomwe nthawi zonse zimamera feteleza ndi feteleza. Amakolola m'dzinja mutatha kukolola, ndipo ntchito yokhala ndi arable yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malo okongola amapezeka kuchokera ku mitengo yovunda, timitengo, timtengo, timatabwa ta nkhuni ndi fumbi lamtengo kuchokera phulusa lakale lakale. M'zigawo zake, zimakhala pafupi ndi kapepa kameneka, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa, chifukwa zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa acidity. Oyenera kukulitsa orchid, fern ndi oimira banja Bromelgea. Posachedwapa, malo ogulitsira malonda, "atakonzedwa" ndi mphutsi za California .
Bungwe losamalira maluwa: onjezerani pansi musanadzalemo makala odulidwa. Mafuta ophwanyika ang'onoang'ono amachotsa chinyezi chochuluka kuchokera m'nthaka. Kenaka, ndi kusoĊµa kwa chinyezi, chimabwezeretsanso, motero chiteteze nthaka kuti isasaka.
Pa mitundu yonse ya munda wamtundu ndi magawo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe okhawo, masamba ndi heat amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa mbewu zing'onozing'ono (begonia, gloxinia). Komanso mchenga ndi perlite - kwa rooting cuttings wa mitundu ina ya nyumba mitundu. Ngati mumakhulupirira wopanga, mungathe kugula zosakaniza zopanga nthaka. Komabe, ndi maluwa ambiri omwe akukula, kugula sikukhala wotchipa. Kuwonjezera apo, ena opanga sagwirizana ndi mlingo wa feteleza zamchere, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa mitundu ya nyumba. Ndipo chifukwa cha kusakaniza kwadothi kokonzedwa ndi manja, mungathe kuvomereza!
Mmene mungasinthire maluwa anu akumudzi
Zomera zimayikidwa motere. Malingana ndi zofunikira za mitunduyo, konzekerani zosakaniza zofunikira kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya munda wa dothi, umene umakonzedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri moti umagwedezeka mukamaumizidwa m'manja. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akumwa bwino m'phika, gwiritsani ntchito nsomba ndi mchenga wonyezimira. Mitsuko yomwe amafunika kuziika, madzi akutsatiridwa motere: pa dzenje lakuya pansi pa mphika crock imayikidwa ndi mbali yonyamulira mmwamba mpaka pamtunda uwu mchenga wokonzedwa bwino wa mtsinje umatsanulidwa.
Kudzala kosakwanira ndi ndodo yowongoka, pang'onopang'ono kumasula ndi kuchotsa pamwamba pa nthaka, ndipo nthaka yozungulira mizu imathyoledwa pang'ono ndikugwedezeka ndi mphika. Mitsinje yakale imatsukanso. Ngati pali mizu yovunda mumaluwa, ndiye kuti amadulidwa kuti azikhala ndi minofu. Pa ngalande yomwe yakonzedwa mu mphika, kutsanulira msuzi wa nthaka yathanzi, ndiye imbani pakati pa chotengera kuti muzu wa kolala ndi 1 masentimita pansi pa mphika m'mphepete. Ngati khosi lili pamwamba pamtunda wa chotengera, ndiye kuti chomeracho chichotsedwa ndipo gawo la nthaka yotsanuliridwa imachotsedwa. Ngati ali otsika kwambiri, onjezerani malo ena. Danga pakati pa clod ndi khoma la mphika liri ndi nthaka yowonjezera, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimangomangidwa ndi zala ziwiri ndi nthaka yatsopano. Ngati chomeracho chimasunthira ku chotengera chachikulu, ndiye kuti nthaka imagwidwa ndi khosi laling'ono. Zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi zomera zowonjezereka sizidzadzaza ndi dziko lapansi, kotero kuti zikhoza kuthiriridwa. Mitengo yosindikizidwa imathiriridwa mochulukira ndipo imakhala yotentha, zipinda zochepa zowonongeka ndi mpweya wouma, komwe zimakhala nthawi ya rooting, pamene zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zibweretsedwe mobwerezabwereza ndi madzi.
Pamene mukukula mitundu yambiri ya zomera, kusintha kwagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kupititsa patsogolo njira ndi njira yomwe ili pafupi ndi kuziika, zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo panthawi imodzi yomwe ikukula nyengo yokhudzana ndi zomera zotsalira mofulumira, kuti zikhale zamphamvu, zakhazikika. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuziyika ndi kusinthika ndikuti ngati panthawi yoikapo mbali yaikulu kapena yapansi ya dziko lapansi, ndipo nthawi zina ndi mbali ya mizu, iyenera kuchotsedwa, ndiye panthawi yomwe dziko lapansi limakhala ndi mizu silikhala losasunthika ndipo limasamutsidwa kupita ku chotengera chatsopano. Njira ya kusintha kwa maluwa ndi yofanana ndi njira ya kuika. Pambuyo pazitsulo, zomera zimasungidwa monga momwe zinaliri poyamba, ndipo ndi dzuwa lamphamvu kwambiri ndi pritenyayut
Bungwe la kusamalidwa kwa maluwa: Mwa kusintha, mwa njira inayake, n'zotheka kulamulira nthawi ya maluwa. Ndi kuchuluka kwa kusinthika, maluwa amachepetsanso, ndipo pazing'ono - zimathamanga. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha kusinthika kumabweretsa kupanga zomera zamphamvu ndi zamphamvu.
Chifukwa cha malangizo othandizira kusamalira mitundu, mumatha kukongola zomera zokongola komanso zonunkhira. Ngati maluwawo abzalidwa molakwika, ndiye kuti kusamalidwa bwino sikungakhale kosavuta!