Yaikulu mwa izi ndi chiwindi ndi kapangidwe. Zakudya zokhudzana ndi mawanga m'kamwa ndi m'mimba zam'mimba zimatuluka m'mimba, ndipo kudzera m'makoma a m'matumbo zinthu zopindulitsa zimachokera m'magazi. Ndiye ballast onse kuphatikizapo poizoni wa chiwindi omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito kupyolera mu chiwindi amachepetsa dongosolo la kugaya. Ndondomeko ya chimbudzi cha chakudya mu munthu wamkulu imatenga maola 24-36, pamene makanda amatenga maola 6 mpaka 18. Lilime ndi mano ndiwo njira yaikulu yowononga, kuyambitsa ndi kugawa chakudya ndi mpeni. Mano oyambirira a makanda amawonekera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pamene thupi lawo limayamba kukonzekera chitukuko cha chakudya cholimba. Saliva - imatulutsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndipo ngakhale makanda, ali ndi makonzedwe oyenerera kugawanitsa chakudya. Kuonjezerapo, phula limatetezera pamlomo - malo amodzi a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo omwe ali osatetezeka kwa mwanayo. Kukhazikika kwa ana mpaka miyezi itatu ndi kochepa kwambiri, koma kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, makamaka ngati zatsopano zimapezeka mu zakudya zawo, zikuwonjezeka. Mpaka chaka chimodzi mwanayo sangathe kumeza mafupa onse, ambiri amakhala kunja, ndipo izi ndi zachilendo.
Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo cha mthupi, komanso poyambitsidwa ndi kuvulala ndi zakudya zopweteka chakudya (zomwe zili chakudya choyambirira poyamba) makanda angakhale ndi matenda opweteka m'kamwa - stomatitis (kutupa kwa m'kamwa mumcosa), gingivitis (kutupa kwa mimba), periodontitis (kutupa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo) ), thrush (fungal matenda a oral oral mucosa).
Stomatitis
Kwa ana omwe akuyamwitsa, ma stomatitis ovuta nthawi zambiri amachititsa kachilombo ka herpes simplex. Pankhani imeneyi, kutentha kumatuluka, mitsempha yopweteka komanso yowawa imayambira mu mucosa wa pakamwa - aphthae, chifukwa cha zomwe mwanayo samagona bwino ndipo ndizosazindikira. Ana ayamba kukana chakudya chifukwa cha ululu m'kamwa, choncho amafunika kudyetsedwa ndi zakudya zamkati kapena zamadzimadzi. Chakudya sayenera kutentha. Zina mwa mankhwala omwe amathandiza kuthana ndi matenda a stomatitis ndi mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amawotchedwa ndi aphthae ndi mapulaneti oyandikana nawo, njira zomwe zimathandizira chitetezo cha mthupi (mwachitsanzo, Imudon, Solvay Pharma, makamaka -sakaniza maselo othandizira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zinthu zotetezera mucosa. pharynx).
Phokosoli ndi "khola" lomwe chakudya chodyeramo, chifukwa cha kugwedeza kwa mitsempha, kumatsikira mmimba, kupyolera mu kupuma. Patsamba lino, chakudya chimadutsa kupyolera m'madzi, "dampers", zomwe zimalepheretsa kubwerera ku ulendo wobwerera. Pamapeto pake pamakhala mpweya wa mtima (cardiaac sphincter (cardia), "umatseka" chimbudzi chachikulu, kotero kuti chotupa cha chakudya sichingabwere kuchokera mmimba kupita kumimba. Kwa makanda m'miyezi yoyamba ya moyo, cardia sali yotsekedwa, ndipo popeza mlonda wam'chipatala (sphincter akuchita ntchito yofanana yoletsera, koma m'mimba), mmalo mwake, amachotsedwa, kubwezeretsedwa kumapezeka.
Regurgitations
Ngati mwanayo akung'amba mofewa (mkaka umangotuluka pakamwa, sukasanza, ndipo umawonjezera kulemera), musadandaule. Chochitika chachilendo kwa makanda ambiri chidzakhala kuyambira 2 mpaka 5 magawo tsiku osapitirira kuposa mphindi 1-2. Nthawi zina zomwe zili mu kubwerera zingasonyeze kusakaniza kwa magazi, ndipo ngati mayi wamng'onoyo akuphwanyidwa pazitsulo (zikuchitika, mkazi sakuwoneka), musadandaule. Ana achikulire nthawi zina amakhalanso kudula chakudya chowonjezera. Ndipo chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira za zakudya za mwana, osati mavuto a m'mimba kapena m'mimba. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambiranso kumabweretsa zakumwa kwambiri, kotero ana osapitirira zaka 4 sayenera kumwa. Nthawi zambiri, koma nthawi zina amatha kuyambitsa matenda a shuga (kutupa kwa m'munsi mwa chiwalo) kapena matenda a reflux a m'mimba (izi ndi zosangalatsa za mtima wa sphincter, chifukwa chakuti m'mimba mwake muli m'mimba mwake, zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa kwa mucosa-esophagitis). Mimba ndi malo osonkhanitsira. Malinga ndi msinkhu wa mwana m'mimba muli chakudya chosiyana. Mu mwana wa miyezi 1, voliyumu yake ndi 100 ml, mwana wa chaka chimodzi ndi 250-300 ml. Kunja, mimba ili ofanana ndi thumba limene chakudya gruel (chyme) chimasungidwa ndi kusinthidwa ndi hydrochloric acid ndi michere.
Mbali yake ya m'mimba, mimba imagwirizana ndi matumbo mothandizidwa ndi mlonda wa pakhomo - "khomo", lomwe limatsegula njira imodzi yokha. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa dampers kumasonyezedwa ndi kuti ana akulimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chofanana ndi 1 / 5-1 / 6 ya kulemera kwa thupi lawo (kwa munthu wamkulu uyu akhoza kukhala 10-15 makilogalamu patsiku!). Komanso, zimakhala zovuta kusunga chakudya chamadzi. Kuchuluka kwa chyme kuchokera mmimba mpaka m'mimba kumapezeka nthawi zonse komanso mosiyana. Zikuwonekeratu ngati chakudya chikuvuta (chomwe chimachitika ndi kubisala kwa mlonda) kapena pamene chimawonekera kwambiri - ndiye chyme imatayidwanso mmimba. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti minofu yolumikiza ya pylorus imamasuka - izi zimakhala zachilendo kwa ana omwe ali ndi vuto la mitsempha kapena matenda opatsirana. Gastritis ndi zilonda zam'mimba m'mimba sizinali zachilendo. Matendawa ndi achilendo kwa ana a zaka zapakati pa 6 mpaka 7, chifukwa pazaka zino amathera nthawi yochuluka kunja kwa nyumba, amadya chakudya chochepa cha kunyumba, chomwe chakudya ndi chizoloŵezi chawo chizoloŵezi chimaphwanyidwa.
Mitambo ndi michere
Zili zofunika pakukonza ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chakudya ndikuchokera ku chiwindi ndi kapangidwe. Ambiri amabadwa ndi ana, choncho thupi lawo likulimbanabe ndi mafuta. Ndili ndi zaka zambiri, kubereka kwa bile kumawonjezera ana, ndipo zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Kukhoza kupanga mavitamini ndi zikondamoyo pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa mwanayo sikunakhazikitsidwebe. Mu madzi ake, ana a miyezi itatu yoyambirira alibe zinthu zokwanira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chimbudzi cha mafuta, mapuloteni ndi mafuta (amylase, trypsin ndi lipase). Pambuyo pokhapokha mankhwala atsopanowa akuwonekera pang'onopang'ono pa zakudya za ana, chitukuko cha zinthu zomwe zimayenera kuti chimbudzi chikhale chosasinthika ndikufika pazomwe anthu achikulire ali nazo. Ndi chifukwa cha zizindikiro za chiwindi ndi zikondamoyo za ana omwe akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti ana osakwana zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri sangathe kudya kuchokera pa tebulo lalikulu. Pambuyo pa kuperewera kwa mankhwalawa kudzera mu biliary (kusagwirizana kwa tsamba la biliary) ndi kuphwanya chikhalidwe cha kusungidwa kwa chiwindi cha chiwindi ndi mphukira, pamene sizikuyenda nthawi zonse pakuwonekera kwa chakudya (zoopsa zowonongeka) zimakhala zofala pakati pa ana a zaka zoyambirira za moyo monga yankho la chakudya chosayenera kwa thupi lawo.
Ulendo kudzera m'matumbo
Utumbo wawung'ono uli ndi magawo atatu: duodenum, konda ndi Iliac. Gawo loyamba limalandira bile ndi mchere wa pancreatic, umene umatulutsa mavitamini, mafuta ndi zakudya. Mu jejunum ndi ileum, chyme imasanduka zakudya. Khoma lamkati la katumbo kakang'ono kamakhala ndi villi yaying'ono, yomwe imapatsa kudya amino acid, shuga, mavitamini m'magazi. Chifukwa cha zofooka za villi - zosakhalitsa (chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana m'mimba) ndipo, mobwerezabwereza, zowonjezereka, - kuyamwa kwa zakudya zimakhala zovuta ndipo matendawa amayamba.
Matumbo akuluakulu amazungulira mimba yonse ya m'mimba. Mu gawo ili la matumbo, madzi ndi gawo laling'ono la mchere wamchere amadziwika. Mwa njirayi, gawo lomweli limatchedwa malo okhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kupanda kwake komwe kumapangitsa maonekedwe a mpweya wambiri (flatulence). M'matumbo akuluakulu, zakudya zowonjezera (zinyama) zimatenga mawonekedwe komanso kudzera m'matumbo ndipo matumbo amatha kutuluka. Pofuna kupititsa chyme kudera lino, minofu imayenderana ndi sphincters zambiri, ndipo kutseguka kwace kumayambira kutsegula ndi kutseka kachilomboka. Kusokonezeka pakagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa zipangizo zotchedwa sphincter, zomwe zimapangitsa, mwachitsanzo, ndi matenda opatsirana m'mimba, zimawonetsedwa ndi kuchedwa kapena kuchulukitsidwa kwafupipafupi kwa thumba. Kwa ana, matumbo amagwira ntchito mwamphamvu, kotero m'masabata awiri oyambirira a moyo amapita "kwakukulu" 4-6 pa tsiku. Ana omwe amadya zosakaniza zosakaniza amachita zambiri mochepa kuposa ana. Pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi, kuchuluka kwa "lalikulu" kuyandikira ndi 1-2 pa tsiku. Pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa mwanayo, matumbo ake ndi osabala, koma kuyambira tsiku loyamba amayamba kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. M'mwana wathanzi obadwa panthawi ndi kuyamwa, chiberekero cha m'mimba chimatha kufika kumapeto kwa sabata lachiwiri la moyo.
Matenda a m'mimba ndi amodzi omwe amapezeka pafupifupi pafupifupi ana onse omwe ali ndi vuto lakumangirira. Kupweteka m'mimba mwa makanda kumawoneka chifukwa chakuti m'matumbo mumakhala mpweya wambiri (flatulence). Ngakhale chifuwa cha m'mimba ndi chodziwika bwino, m'pofunikanso kukaonana ndi dokotala yemwe sadzasiya matenda opaleshoni, mwachitsanzo chitsanzo chowongolera; Kuwonjezera apo, katswiri wa ana okha ndiye angapereke chithandizo cha mwana. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, mwanayo, kuwonjezera pa zoletsedwa za zakudya (ngati ali mwana, samalani za mkate wakuda, mbatata, nyemba, mkaka, sauerkraut, kukhudza mayi), perekani makala ochitidwa kapena kukonzekera (mwachitsanzo, Espumizan, Berlin-Chemie, Unienzim, Unichem Lab.)
Kutsekula m'mimba
Matenda obisala nthawi zambiri amachititsa matenda, ngakhale nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri mathala amakhala ndi vuto la lactase, zimakhalapo chifukwa chakuti mphuno ndi m'mimba mumcosa, zomwe zimayambitsa kupanga lactase, satha kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu. Popanda mavitamini a lactase, lactose sichimafota bwino. Zotsatira zake, lactase ndi yoperewera, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kutali ndi matumbo a mwana, komanso dysbacteriosis imayamba. Zizindikiro za kuchepa kwa lactase ndi dysbiosis ndizofanana: mwana amalira atadya, amadandaula za kupopera, kupopera madzi amadzimadzi (kawirikawiri kapena kuvomereza). Matenda opatsirana kapena matenda a m'mimba amatchedwa matenda a "manja onyenga". Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndi zosiyana, ngakhale kuti sizingatheke kudziwa chomwe mwana wakumana nacho (minofu kapena shigellosis, salmonellosis, matenda a roto-calciviral, ndi zina zotero). Ndi matenda opatsirana m'mimba, chimodzi mwazidzidzidzi zodziwika kwambiri za mankhwala ndizogwirizana - lingaliro la kufunika kokweza ana ndi kutsekula m'mimba (madotolo adzatchula njirayi kuti athetseretu madzi) kuti asatayike madzi. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa kuchokera ku salt - okonzeka (Hydrovit, STADA, Regidron, Orion, ndi ena) ndipo apangidwa kunyumba. Madokotala masiku ano madokotala amaika ana okha ndi mitundu yoopsa ya matenda opatsirana m'mimba. Kuonjezera apo, amalamula kuti mwanayo adye chakudya chokwanira, ngati kuli kofunikira, mavitamini, mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti chiberekero chikwaniritsidwe (mwachitsanzo, Uara, STADA), ziwalo zowonongeka ndi zinthu zomwe zimalowa m'matumbo ndikupeza poizoni ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (Smecta, Beauf wathu Ipsen), maantibiobio ndi othandizira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka bifido- ndi lactobacilli (Probifor, Partner, Bifiform, Ferrosan, Bifidumbacterin-forte, Enterol, Biocodex), omwe amathandiza kuti kukula kwa zomera zothandiza (Hilak forte, Ratiopharm), ngakhale mankhwala osokoneza bongo , kulimbikitsa chitetezo champhamvu (Kipferon, A chifuwa, Bifilysis, Enzyme). Kutsekula m'mimba nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphwanya kwa chakudya: kusagwirizana ndi shuga wamkaka (kusowa kwa lactase), kutsekemera kwa tirigu (matenda a celiac). Ngakhale kuti nthawi zina kusamvana kwa mapuloteni a mkaka wa ng'ombe kapena kutupa kwa m'mimba (ulcerative colitis, matenda a Crohn). Mulimonsemo, mwanayo adzafunikanso kufufuza kuti adziwe ngati mwanayo ali ndi matenda opatsirana m'mimba, mphutsi, matenda opatsirana m'mimba.
Zovuta
Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti katemera wa m'mimba, kapena mankhwala omwe ali ndi maantibayotiki (chifukwa cha matenda ena), ntchito ya m'mimba ya mwanayo siidakonzedweratu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonetseredwa ndi kuchedwa muchitetezo. Chifukwa cha kudzikweza komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kutulutsa intumbo, zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi zamasamba (beets, prunes, mkate wonse) zimaperekedwa. Ana akulangizidwa kuti azisunthira kwambiri, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mimba ya mimba yokhala ndi mimba imathandizira kubwezeretsanso chifuwa cha matumbo. Kuonjezera apo, adokotala adzatenga mwanayo mankhwala oyenera. Pali ana amene angafune mankhwala ochotsera mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti mankhwala asokonezeke (Microlax, Johnson & Johnson, Plantex, Lek, mizu ya buckthorn). Ana omwe akudwala kudzimbidwa, m'mimba momwe amatha kupanikizika, mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti mitsempha yothandizira (valerian) kuthandizidwe. Enema ana amachita ngati zotsatirazo ziyenera kudikira masiku osachepera atatu. Tsopano tikudziwa mmene ziwalo zoberekera zimagwirira ntchito kwa ana, matupi komanso zinthu zina.