Malinga ndi mbiri ya anthu, pakhala kusintha kwakukulu mu lingaliro la kunenepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Middle Ages, amaonedwa ngati chithunzi chokhala ndi moyo wabwino. Mkazi wamphumphu anali chitsanzo cha thanzi ndi kugonana, ndipo kunenepa kwambiri m'moyo uno sikunayambe kachititsanso mavuto a zokondweretsa. Pakalipano, chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa thanzi, kunenepa kwambiri kumatanthawuza kuti ndi chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri a kagayidwe kake. Kunenepa kwambiri ngati vuto la anthu amakono ndi mutu wa zokambirana lero.
Kodi kunenepa kwambiri ndi chiyani?
Kutaya kunenepa kungatanthauzidwe ngati kupindula kwalemera, komwe kumafotokozedwa mwa magawo osaneneka a triglycerides m'matenda a mafuta omwe amatulutsa zotsatira zoipa pa thupi. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kunenepa kwathunthu ndiko kunenepa kwambiri. Popeza kuyeza molondola kwa mafuta a thupi kumakhala maphunziro apamwamba komanso osatheka, njira yodziwika yodziwira kunenepa kwambiri, zomwe zimatchedwa "mchere wa thupi", zakhala zikuvomerezedwa m'munda wa thanzi. Chiyanjano pakati pa kulemera kwa munthu mu kilogalamu ndi kutalika kwa mamita m'litali lomwe limafotokozedwa kumapeto kwa 1896 A. Quetelet ndipo zinapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiwerengero chachikulu chowerengera chiwerengero cha misala:
Kuchuluka kwa thupi - osachepera 18.5 makilogalamu / m 2
Kulemera kwake - 18,5 - 24,9 kg / m 2
Kuchulukitsa - 25 - 29.9 kg / m 2
Kutaya kwambiri kwa digiri - 30 - 34.9 kg / m 2
Kuchulukitsa 2 digiri - 35 - 39.9 kg / m 2
Kunenepa kwambiri madigiri 3 - makilogalamu oposa 40 / m 2
Mu 1997, bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linasankha miyezo yolemetsa yolemera motsatira ndondomekoyi. Komano asayansi amati chizindikiro ichi sichidziwitsa zambiri za kuchuluka kwa mafuta, komanso chofunika kwambiri, kumene chili m'thupi. Zili choncho chifukwa ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri. Kugawidwa kwa chigawo cha minofu ya adipose ndi mbali yofunikira pozindikiritsa kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri, kuika nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa mawonetseredwe a matenda okhwima. Kuwonjezeka kwa mafuta m'dera la m'mimba, lotchedwa Android (pakati, wamwamuna) kumakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwopsezo cha umoyo, kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa mtundu wamtundu wa kunenepa kwambiri. Choncho, kutanthauzira kwa chiwerengero cha misala ya thupi nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi kuyeza chiuno. Zinaoneka kuti chiwerengero cha minofu ya thupi ndi 25 kg / m 2 chophatikizapo chiuno chakumtunda ≥ 102 cm mwa amuna ndipo ≥ 88 cm mwa amayi kwambiri chimawonjezera mwayi wa mavuto. Zina mwazi: matenda oopsa kwambiri, matenda osokoneza bongo, matenda a atherosclerosis, insulini yotsutsa, mtundu wa 2 shuga, matenda a ubongo ndi myocardial infarction.
Ziwerengero za kunenepa kwambiri mu dziko
Chiwerengero cha milandu ya kunenepa kwambiri ikukula padziko lonse lapansi mofulumira, kufika poyendera matenda. Vuto lolemera kwambiri la anthu amakono lafika mofulumira - pazaka zingapo zapitazo. Malingana ndi ziwerengero za boma, pakalipano anthu 250 miliyoni padziko lapansi amapezeka kuti ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndipo 1.1 biliyoni ali olemera kwambiri. Izi zidzatsimikizira kuti pofika chaka cha 2015, zizindikiro izi zidzakula kufikira ma miliyoni 700 ndi 2.3 biliyoni. Chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ana ocheperachepera osakwana zaka zisanu - ndiposa 5 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Chinanso chodetsa nkhaŵa ndi kukula kwa mtundu wa 3 kunenepa kwambiri (≥ 40 kg / m 2 ) - kwawonjezeka pafupifupi 6-fold pa zaka khumi zapitazi.
Ponseponse ku Ulaya, kunenepa kwambiri kumakhudza pafupifupi 50% ndi kulemera kwa thupi - pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya anthu, ndi Central ndi Eastern Europe - malo okhudzidwa kwambiri. Ku Russia, vutoli ndi loopsa kwambiri - pafupifupi 63 peresenti ya amuna ndi 46% mwa amayi omwe ali ndi zaka zachuma akukhudzidwa ndi kulemera kwambiri, pamene 17% ndi 19%, motere, ndi ochepa kwambiri. Dziko lolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Nauru (Oceania) - Amuna 85% ndi 93% azimayi.
Chimene chimayambitsa kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri
Kunenepa kwambiri ndiko kuphwanya mphamvu yamagetsi, chifukwa cha kugwirizana kovuta kwa zovuta zedi (maonekedwe a chibadwa, mphamvu zamadzimadzi) ndi zinthu zakunja. Chifukwa chachikulu cha chitukukochi chimawerengedwa kukhalabe ndi mphamvu zowonjezera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magetsi, kuchepetsa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri. Popeza gwero lalikulu la mphamvu kwa anthu ndi zakudya zokwanira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumagwirizanitsa ndi zochitika zolimbitsa thupi. Popanda kukhazikitsa ntchito yowonjezera, mphamvu imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofooka, zinthu sizidapangidwe bwino, zomwe zimabweretsa kulemetsa, kunenepa kwambiri komanso kukula kwa matenda opatsirana.
Chakudya chabwino m'maganizo a kunenepa kwambiri
Ngati zaka makumi angapo zapitazo panali kukayikira za kufunikira kwa zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya zowonjezereka, lero, m'masiku ano, zatsimikiziridwa kuti zakudya ndizofunikira kwambiri pano. Kuwonetsetsa kwa zakudya kumasonyeza kuti pazaka 30 mpaka 40 zapitazo, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magetsi kwa munthu aliyense kwawonjezeka, ndipo vutoli lidzapitirira mtsogolomu. Kuwonjezera apo, kusintha kwakukulu kumaphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwabwino pa zakudya. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta m'zaka zaposachedwapa kwafalikira kwambiri, monga mafuta othandizira mafuta ndi ma polyunsaturated acids "akupereka" mafuta odzaza mafuta. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zimadumphira muzogwiritsa ntchito shuga zosavuta, komanso zimakhala zochepa kwambiri. Zakudya zokhudzana ndi mafuta ndi zakudya zosavuta zimakonda kudya chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo. Komabe, amakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu (makilogalamu pa unit weight) - zinthu zomwe zimangowonjezera mphamvu yowonjezereka komanso kunenepa kwambiri.
Kufunika kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi
Kupitiliza kukula kwachuma, kuyendetsa nkhanza kwa industrialization ndi kumidzi kungachepetse kufunikira kwa ntchito zomwe zimafuna khama. Makolo athu sankayenera kulipira ntchito ndi kupeza katundu. Iwo anakakamizidwa kuchita izi mwa moyo wokha. Ife, omwe tikukhala m'mizinda, tikuyenera kulipira ndalama zambiri kuti tikachezere malo osungirako zofunikira masiku ano kapena dziwe losambira, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena kupita kuchipatala. Pakalipano, kayendetsedwe ka ntchitoyi ndi kofunikira kuti azikhala ndi mawonekedwe komanso mawonekedwe a pafupifupi ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe athu m'thupi lathu. Kupezeka kwake popanda zifukwa zomveka posachedwapa kudzasintha kusintha kwa ziwalo ndi ziwalo za thupi, mavuto aakulu a thanzi komanso kukalamba.
Kafukufuku wambirimbiri wa matenda owonetsa matenda akuwonetsa kuti moyo wokhala ndi moyo wokhazikika nthawi zambiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha matenda osokoneza bongo, makamaka, kunenepa kwambiri ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kuti chiŵerengero cha kuchepetsa kupatsirana kwambiri kwa thupi n'chabwino, mwachitsanzo, kusowa ntchito zolimbitsa thupi kumabweretsa kulemetsa, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri kuti ayambe kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Motero, kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwakukulu kumachepa ndipo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale gulu lapadera. Ndiyowonjezera mphamvu yowonjezera ndi kuchepetsa kupititsa patsogolo kwa thupi lomwe ndilo chifukwa cha kudumpha kwowonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa kunenepa kwambiri pakali pano. Amakhulupirira kuti zakudya zowonjezera zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chochulukirapo, chifukwa kudzera mwa izo tikhoza kupanga mosavuta mphamvu yowonjezera kusiyana ndi kubwezeretsa panthawiyi kudzera mu zochitika zathupi.
Mafupa amtundu ndi umphawi
Ngakhale kuti kunenepa kwambiri kumakhala ndi chigawo choloŵa cholowa, njira zenizeni zomwe zimayambirapo sizimamveka bwino. "Zizindikiro" za umunthu za kunenepa kwaumunthu zimakhala zovuta kudzipatula, chifukwa chiwerengero chochulukitsa cha ma genotypes chimagawanika chifukwa cha zochitika zina. Sayansi imadziwa kuti mafuko onse komanso mabanja omwe ali ovuta kwambiri kunenepa, akhala akudziwikiratu, koma zimakhala zovuta kunena kuti ichi ndi cholowa cha 100%, popeza maguluwa adadya chakudya chomwecho ndipo ali ndi luso lofanana.
Zofukufuku zomwe zimachitika pakati pa magulu akuluakulu a anthu omwe ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu chiwerengero cha misala ya thupi ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta, komanso pakati pa mapasa, amasonyeza kuti 40% mpaka 70 peresenti ya kusiyana kwake ndiyomwe anaikidwiratu. Kuonjezera apo, ziwalo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda zimakhudza makamaka mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu komanso zakudya zamagulu. Pakalipano, ngakhale mukupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso, n'zovuta kunena motsimikiza ngati ichi ndi chibadwa - kunenepa kwambiri.
Kufunika kwa mahomoni ena mu kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri
Mu 1994, anapeza kuti mafuta ndi mtundu wa chiwalo cha endocrine. Kutulutsidwa kwa leptin hormone (kuchokera ku Greek Leptos - low) kumapereka chiyembekezo chopezeka kwa mankhwala kuti athetse kunenepa kwambiri. Asayansi ambiri ayamba kufunafuna mapeptidi ofananawo m'chilengedwe kuti apereke kwa thupi laumunthu.
- Leptin ndi mahomoni a minofu ya adipose, yomwe ili pamlingo wa msinkhu ndilopitirira kukula kwake. Leptin imagwira ntchito zovomerezeka zomwe zimapezeka mu hypothalamus, zomwe zimatumiza ubongo ku ubongo. Amalola kudziwa pamene thupi latenga zinthu zokwanira kuchokera ku chakudya. Nthawi zina kusintha kwa jini komwe kumayambitsa kupanga leptin kumachitika. Anthu omwe akudwala matendawa amasintha kwambiri ndipo amavutika kumva chakudya. Anthu nthawi zonse amamva njala ndipo, poyesera kukwanira, amadzipangitsa kuti azikhala olemera kwambiri. Kupereka leptin kuchokera kunja kwa anthu awa ndi mfundo yofunikira kwambiri. Komabe, kawirikawiri, mwa odwala kwambiri, palipamwamba za serum leptin, koma panthawi yomweyi, chilakolako chimakula kwambiri. Zikatero, kukana ndi kulepheretsa leptin mankhwala sikungakhudze.
- Grelinate ndi timadzi timene timatenda m'mimba, zomwe zimafanana ndi leptin. Zimatanthauzidwa ngati hormone ya njala. Mbali yake imadzuka musanadye ndipo imachepa mwamsanga mutangodya. Grelinate amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa katemera woletsa kunenepa kwambiri komwe sikudzawalola kuti ifike pamapulogalamu a m'mitsempha ya pakati ndikuyambitsa njala. Kawirikawiri ndi kunenepa kwambiri, kumverera uku kumakhala zabodza, kotero ndi bwino kusiya kulephera kuwona nthenda ya njala ku ubongo nkomwe. Iyi ndi mwayi kwa wodwala wolemera kwambiri kuyamba kuyamba moyo wamba.
- Peptide YY ndi hormone ina yomwe imakhala ndi chilakolako cha kudya. Amapanga mbali zosiyanasiyana za m'matumbo aang'ono ndi aakulu atatha kumeza, hormone imachepetsanso kutaya kwa m'mimba, motero kumachepetsa chimbudzi ndi kuyamwa kwa zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale losangalala. Anthu omwe akuvutika kwambiri ndi kunenepa kwambiri ali ndi m'munsi mwa YY peptide. Zinapezeka kuti kumwa zakudya ndi zakumwa zimakhala ndi mapuloteni, kumapangitsa kuti peptide YY ikhale yotetezeka komanso kumangokhalira kumverera bwino.
- Adiponectin ndi mahomoni ena omwe amapangidwa mu minofu ya adipose, yomwe imakhala ndi zotsatira zowonjezera kunenepa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yake m'thupi sinafufuzidwe bwinobwino, zikuwonetseratu bwino kuti odwala amavutika ndi kunenepa kwambiri, amakhala ndi adiponectin ochepa komanso mosiyana - pambuyo pochepetsetsa kulemera kwa thupi, chiwerengero chake chikuwonjezeka. Zomwe anazichita pa makoswe a laboratory anatsimikizira kulemera kolemera pambuyo pa ntchito ya kunja ya adiponectin. Zisanayambe kuyesedwa kwa anthu, mafunso ambiri ayankhidwe.
N'chifukwa chiyani kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda aakulu?
Zomwe chikhalidwe cha kunenepa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu zimakhudzidwa zimatsimikiziridwa osati mowonjezereka chabe, zomwe zafika pakati pa chiwerengero cha anthu, komanso zoopsa za umoyo zomwe zimapereka. Inde, ubale pakati pa kunenepa kwambiri, kunenepa kwambiri ndi kufa kwa msinkhu wasanatsimikizidwe. Kuwonjezera apo, kunenepa kwambiri ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a chiwerengero cha matenda omwe amachititsa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndichuma pantchito komanso akulemala ndi kulemala. Malingana ndi chidziwitso cha boma, pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paumoyo m'mayiko ena otukuka amapatsidwa kuti athetse vuto la kunenepa kwambiri. Ndipotu, chiwerengerochi chingakhale chokwanira kangapo, chifukwa matenda ambiri obisala kwambiri sakhala nawo muwerengedwe. Nazi zina mwa matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri, komanso kuchuluka kwa chiopsezo chomwe chimayambitsa chitukuko chawo:
Matenda ambiri omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri:
Chiwopsezo chowonjezeka kwambiri | Mavuto amodzi | Kowopsa kochepa |
Kuthamanga kwa magazi | Matenda a mtima | Khansa |
Dyslipidaemia | Osteoarthritis | Ululu wammbuyo |
Insulin kukana | Gout | Zolakwika zopambana |
Matenda a shuga a mtundu wa 2 Kugonana ndi mpweya Gallstone matenda | Phumu |
Kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda osokoneza bongo omwe ali ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri zaumoyo. Ngakhale kuti kukula kwake kumapangidwira kaamba ka machitidwe, makhalidwe, makamaka, zakudya ndi zochitika zolimbitsa thupi, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zamaliseche. Kotero maonekedwe a kulemera kwakukulu kapena ngakhale kunenepa kwambiri - zonsezi zidzadalira makamaka ife eni, ndipo china chirichonse ndi chifukwa chokha.