Zovuta za amayi

Mayi wodalirika ndi chithandizo chothandizira kubereka, momwe mkazi amavomereza kupirira ndikubereka mwana yemwe ali mlendo kwa iye. Kenaka mwana wakhanda amasamutsidwa kupita ku maphunziro ena kwa anthu ena - makolo ake enieni.

Mwalamulo, iwo adzaonedwa ngati makolo a mwana uyu. Nthawi zina amayi omwe amamwalira ndi amayi amamwalira amamunamizira ndi mwamuna yemwe amatha kusamutsira mwanayo kwa mwamuna wakeyo ndi mkazi wake (ngati ali wokwatira). Pachifukwa ichi, amayi opatsirana mwachangu amakhalanso mayi wobadwa mwa mwanayo.

Mafunso a Mbiri

Kukhala ndi amayi osakanizidwa kwakhala zaka zambiri. Ngakhale ku Roma wakale, kufuna kuti anthu apindule amuna adapatsa akazi awo achichepere "kubwereka" kwa mabanja omwe alibe ana. Mwana wobadwa ndi mayi wotere "wobwereka" pambuyo pake anali mwana wovomerezeka wa banja lino. Ntchito za mayi wobereka zinaperekedwa kwaulere.

Ayuda olemera akale, akazi osabereka ankagwiritsa ntchito akapolo omwe ankakonda kubereka ana kuchokera kwa mwamuna wamwamuna uyu. Woyamba pa kubadwa kwa mwana m'manja mwake nthawi yomweyo anatenga mkazi walamulo, kusonyeza kuti ali ndi ufulu wolungama kwa mwanayo.

Sayansi ndi zamakono zikuyenda limodzi ndi njira ya kumasulidwa kwa amayi kubereka njira zatsopano zothetsera vuto la kusabereka kwa banja. Lingaliro lamakono la "chiberekero cha amayi" likugwirizana mwachindunji ndi zipangizo zamakono zopangira feteleza. Masiku ano, majini amachokera ku makolo onse omwe amachokera kumtunduwu (osati kuchokera kwa mwamuna, monga kale) ndipo "amakhala" mwachirengedwe "chofungatira" - chiwalo cha amayi osankhidwawo.

Chitsanzo chabwino choyamba cha ubale wolowa mwadzidzidzi chinalengezedwa mu 1980. Mayi woyamba woyambilira anali mwana wamkazi wamkulu wazaka 37 dzina lake Elizabeth Kane. Mkazi wosabereka anapangana mgwirizano ndi Elizabeti, malinga ndi momwe insemination yopangira ntchito inkachitikira ndi umuna wa mwamuna wake. Atabereka, Kane analandira mphoto ya ndalama. Pa nthawiyi, Elizabeth Kane anali ndi ana atatu.

Nkhani za makhalidwe

Alipo ambiri otsutsana ndi amayi apakati pa dziko lonse, akukamba za kutembenuza ana kukhala mtundu wa mankhwala. Malingaliro a akazi, chizoloƔezichi chimatanthawuza kugwiritsira ntchito kofala kwa akazi monga "otengera" omwe alibe ufulu wawo ndi kusankha kwawo. Anthu am'chipembedzo amawona khalidwe lachiwerewere lomwe limapangitsa kuti chiyanjano cha ubale ndi banja chiwonongeke.

Palinso (zovomerezeka) mantha kuti amayi ena amene ali ndi pakati chifukwa cha zofuna za banja lina akhoza kukhumudwa maganizo ndi kufunika kosiya mwana wolera. Zimakhala kuti mwana amakhala "wake" pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati, ngakhale poyamba poyamba amawoneka ngati mayi wolowa mwadzidzidzi kuti amatha kugawanika ndi mwanayo. Izi zingakhale zovuta kumbali zonse ziwiri za mgwirizano, chifukwa palibe dziko lomwe liri ndi lamulo lomwe limalimbikitsa mkazi kubereka mwana yemwe wabadwa. Ambiri amatha kusokonezeka (maganizo ndi ndalama), kulipira mimba yonse kwa mkazi, kumusunga nthawiyi, kumupatsa chirichonse chomwe akufuna, ndiyeno wopanda mwana.

Nkhani za malamulo

Malamulo omwe amalembedwa kuti azitsatira umayi amachokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Choncho, ku Germany, France, Norway, Austria, Sweden, m'mayiko ena a ku United States, amayi amasiye amatsutsidwa. M'mayiko ena si amayi okhaokha omwe si amalonda (odzipereka ndi opanda malipiro) amaloledwa - mu boma la Australia la Victoria, ku Britain, Denmark, Canada, Israel, Netherlands, ndi United states (Virginia ndi New Hampshire). Ku Greece, Belgium, Spain ndi Finland, umayi wolowa mwadzidzidzi sungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi lamulo, koma nthawi zambiri umapezeka.

Potsirizira pake, m'mayiko angapo, amayi apamtima, onse opanda ufulu komanso malonda, ndi ovomerezeka. Ichi ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mayiko a US, Russia, South Africa, Kazakhstan, Belarus ndi Ukraine. Mphindi wofunikira pamapeto a mgwirizano wamtundu wa amayi omwe akugonana ndi amayi omwe ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo wapamtima - maphwando ake onse amadziwa zoopsa zonse.