Thupi lathu likhoza kuyerekezedwa ndi mzinda waukulu. Maselo amakhala mmenemo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi "mabanja", kupanga ziwalo, ndipo nthawi zina, atayika pakati pa ena, amachepetsa (monga mwachitsanzo, maselo a chitetezo cha mthupi). Ena ndi amayi apamtima ndipo samachoka pothawirapo, ena ndi oyenda ndipo samakhala pamalo amodzi. Onse ali osiyana, aliyense ali ndi zosowa zake, khalidwe lake ndi ulamuliro. Pakati pa maselowo ndizitsulo zazing'ono komanso zazikulu - zitsulo zamagazi ndi zamagulu. Mphindi iliyonse m'thupi lathu, zochitika zambiri zimapezeka: wina kapena chinachake chimasokoneza moyo wamtendere wa maselo kapena ena amaiwala ntchito zawo kapena ayi, ali achangu kwambiri. Ndipo, monga mu megalopol yanyumba iliyonse, kuti mukhalebe ndi dongosolo, bungwe loyenerera likufunika apa. Tikudziwa kuti mkulu wathu ndi mchitidwe wamanjenje. Ndipo dzanja lake lamanja ndi dongosolo la endocrine (ES).
Malinga
ES ndiyo imodzi mwa machitidwe ovuta komanso odabwitsa a thupi. Zovuta chifukwa zimakhala ndi zofiira zambiri, zomwe zimatha kupanga kuchokera ku imodzi mpaka mahomoni osiyanasiyana, ndipo zimayendetsa ntchito za ziwalo zambirimbiri, kuphatikizapo matenda a endocrine okha. Mkati mwa dongosolo muli dongosolo lapadera lomwe limakulolani kuti muyang'ane bwinobwino ntchito yake. Kusamvetseka kwa ES kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zovuta za njira zowonongeka ndi kupanga mahomoni. Kuti mufufuze ntchito yake, imafuna teknoloji yochepetsera. Udindo wa mahomoni ambiri sudziwikabe. Ndipo timangoganiza za kukhalako kwa ena, ngakhale kuti sitingathe kudziŵa momwe iwo akupangidwira ndi maselo omwe amawasiyanitsa. Ndicho chifukwa chake ziphunzitso zachipatala - sayansi yomwe imaphunzira mahomoni ndi ziwalo zomwe zimabweretsa iwo - zimawonedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri pakati pa zachipatala ndi zodalirika kwambiri. Tikazindikira cholinga chenicheni ndi njira za ntchito za zinthu zina, tikhoza kuwonetsa zomwe zikuchitika m'thupi lathu. Ndipotu, chifukwa cha mahomoni, timabadwa, amachititsa chidwi kwambiri pakati pa makolo amtsogolo, kudziwa nthawi ya kupanga maselo a kugonana ndi nthawi yomwe umakwatirana. Zimasintha miyoyo yathu, zimakhudza maganizo ndi khalidwe. Masiku ano, tikudziwa kuti ukalamba umatetezedwanso ndi ES.
Anthu ...
Ziwalo zomwe zimapanga ES (matenda a chithokomiro, zilonda za adrenal, ndi zina zotero) ndi magulu a maselo omwe ali m'ziwalo zina kapena minofu, ndipo maselo amodzi amabalalika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zipangizo za endocrine kuchokera kwa ena (iwo akutchedwa kuti exocrine glands) ndi kuti poyamba ankatulutsa mankhwala awo - mahomoni - mwazi kapena magazi. Pachifukwachi amatchedwa glands zakutetezera mkati. Ndipo exocrine - mu lumen ya izi kapena chiwalo (mwachitsanzo, chachikulu kwambiri exocrine gland - chiwindi - chimabisa chinsinsi chake - bile - mu lumen wa ndulu ndi mkati mwa intestine) kapena kunja (chitsanzo - kutaya glands). Zozizwitsa za Exocrine zimatchedwa glands zapinsinsi. Mahomoni ndi zinthu zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito maselo omwe amawakonda (amatchedwa maselo ofunikira), kusintha kusintha kwa maselo. Kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni m'magazi kumapereka EC mwayi waukulu. Kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira, zimatenga masekondi pang'ono. Mahomoni amapita kumagazi, omwe amatumizira ngati njira yonyamula katundu ndipo amalola mwamsanga kuti apereke mankhwala abwino kwa makoswe onse, mosiyana ndi chizindikiro cha mitsempha chomwe chimafalikira m'mitsempha ya mitsempha ndipo, chifukwa cha kupweteka kapena kuwonongeka, sichikhoza kufika pa cholinga chawo. Pankhani ya mahomoni, izi sizichitika: Mwazi wamadzi amapeza mosavuta ntchito ngati imodzi kapena mitsempha ya magazi imatsekedwa. Kwa ziwalo ndi maselo kumene uthenga wa ES umakonzedwa, unalandiridwa, zovomerezeka zomwe zimadziwika kuti hormone inayake ili pa iwo. Zochitika za endocrine dongosolo ndi luso lake loti "amve" mavitamini osiyanasiyana ndikusintha. Ndipo chiwerengero chawo chimadalira m'badwo, chikhalidwe, nthawi ya tsiku ndi chaka, zaka, maganizo ndi thupi la munthu komanso zizoloŵezi zathu. Choncho, ES imapanga chigamulo komanso changu cha kusinthana kwathu.
... ndi opanga
Chikopa cha pituitary ndi chiwalo chachikulu cha endocrine. Amatulutsa mahomoni omwe amachititsa kapena kulepheretsa ntchito ya ena. Koma chigoba chaputi sichiri pamwamba pa ES, chimangokwaniritsa udindo wa mtsogoleri. Hypothalamus ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba. Iyi ndi dipatimenti ya ubongo, yopangidwa ndi magulu a maselo omwe amaphatikizapo katundu wa mantha ndi endocrine. Amapatula zinthu zomwe zimayendetsa matenda a pituitary and endocrine. Motsogoleredwa ndi hypothalamus, chithokomiro cha pituitary chimapanga mahomoni omwe amakhudza zida zovuta. Choncho, hormone yotulutsa chithokomiro imayendetsa chithokomiro, corticotropic - ntchito ya adrenal cortex. Kuthamanga kwa hormone (kapena kukula hormone) sikukhudza iliyonse yamoyo. Zotsatira zake zimaphatikizapo ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi ziwalo. Kusiyana kumeneku mu machitidwe a mahomoni kumayambanso kusiyana ndi kufunika kwa thupi ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito zomwe amapereka. Chidziwikiritso cha dongosolo lovuta ndilo ndondomeko ya ndemanga. ES ingatchulidwe mopanda kukokomeza kwambiri demokarasi. Ndipo, ngakhale kuti lili ndi "ziwalo" (hypothalamus ndi gland pituitary), ogonjera amathandizanso ntchito za glands zapamwamba. Mu hypothalamus, chithokomiro cha pituitary apo ndi zotengera zomwe zimagwira ma hormoni osiyanasiyana m'magazi. Ngati ili pamwamba, zizindikiro kuchokera kwa obvomerezedwa zidzatseka kupanga kwawo pamagulu onse. Iyi ndi mfundo yoyankhapo. Chithokomiro chotchedwa chithokomiro chinatchulidwa ndi dzina lake. Ikuphimba khosi, pozungulira trachea. Mapangidwe a mahomoni ake ndi ayodini, ndipo kusowa kwake kungayambitse zolakwika mu ntchito ya thupi. Mahomoni amtunduwu amachititsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa kupanga mapepala adipose ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta osungidwa mmenemo. Ndizofunikira kuti chitukuko chikhale chitukuko komanso kukhala ndi mafupa ena, komanso kumathandizanso ma hormone ena (mwachitsanzo, insulini, kupititsa patsogolo kapangidwe kake kazakudya). Zinthu izi zimakhala ndi mbali yofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha dongosolo lamanjenje. Kupanda mahomoni m'matumbo mwa makanda kumabweretsa ubongo, ndipo kenaka kuchepa kwa nzeru. Choncho, ana onse omwe amabadwa amayamba kufufuza chifukwa cha zinthu izi (mayesowa akuphatikizidwa pulogalamu yoonetsera ana). Pamodzi ndi adrenaline, mahomoni a chithokomiro amakhudza ntchito ya mtima ndi kuyendetsa magazi.
Zilonda za parathyroid
Zilonda za parathyroid ndi mafinya 4 omwe ali mumtundu wambiri wa chithokomiro kumbuyo kwa chithokomiro, chifukwa chake ali ndi dzina lawo. Matendawa amapanga mahomoni awiri: parathyroid ndi calcitonin. Onse awiri amapereka calcium ndi phosphorous m'thupi. Mosiyana ndi mapulogalamu ambiri otchedwa endocrine, ntchito ya parathyroid imayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa mchere ndi mavitamini D. Magazi amachititsa kuti thupi lizikhala ndi thupi, komanso limayambitsa chimbudzi ndipo limatulutsa mavitamini omwe amachititsa kuti mapuloteni, mafuta ndi zakudya zitheke. Choncho, ili pambali ya kusintha kwa m'mimba mpaka m'mimba yaing'ono. Iron imatulutsa mahomoni awiri: insulini ndi glucagon. Yoyamba imachepetsa mlingo wa shuga m'magazi, zomwe zimapangitsa maselo kuti agwiritse ntchito mwakhama ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Chachiwiri, chimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga, kuchititsa maselo a chiwindi ndi minofu kuti azibwezeretsanso. Matenda ambiri omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda osokoneza bongo ndi mtundu wa shuga (kapena shuga wodwala shuga). Zimayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa maselo omwe amabweretsa insulini, maselo a chitetezo cha mthupi. Ana ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amakhala ndi maonekedwe omwe angakonzeretu kukula kwa matendawa. Koma zimayambitsidwa kawirikawiri ndi matenda kapena kusokonezeka maganizo. Zilonda za adrenal zakhala ndi dzina lawo. Munthu sangakhale ndi moyo popanda matenda a adrenal ndi mahomoni omwe amapanga, ndipo ziwalozi zimawoneka kuti ndi zofunika. Pulogalamu ya kufufuza kwa ana onse obadwa kumene, mayesero ophwanya ntchito yawo akuphatikizidwa - zotsatira za mavuto ngati amenewa zidzakhala zoopsa kwambiri. Zilonda za adrenal zimapanga kuchuluka kwa mahomoni. Wotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo ndi adrenaline. Zimathandiza thupi kukonzekera ndi kupirira zoopsa zomwe zingatheke. Mahomoniwa amachititsa mtima kugunda mofulumira ndi kupopera magazi ambiri ku ziwalo za kuyenda (ngati nkofunikira kuthawa), kumapangitsa mpweya kupuma kuti thupi likhale ndi mpweya, kumachepetsanso mphamvu ya ululu. Amapangitsa kuti magazi asamayende bwino, kuonetsetsa kuti kutaya kwa magazi kumapita ku ubongo ndi ziwalo zina zofunika. Norepinephrine imakhalanso ndi zotsatira zofanana. Hormone yachiwiri yofunika kwambiri ya adrenal glands ndi cortisol. Ndikovuta kutchula njira iliyonse mu thupi, yomwe siidzakhala ndi mphamvu. Amapangitsa tizirombo kutulutsa zinthu zosungidwa m'magazi kuti maselo onse apatsedwe ndi zakudya. Udindo wa cortisol umakula ndi kutupa. Zimathandizira kupanga zinthu zoteteza ndi ntchito ya maselo oteteza ku chitetezo kuti athe kuthana ndi kutupa, ndipo ngati otsirizawa ali otanganidwa kwambiri (kuphatikizapo zolimbana ndi maselo awo), cortisol imatsitsa changu chawo. Panthawi yachisokonezo, zimapangitsa kuti maselo azigawidwa, kotero kuti thupi sichitha mphamvu pa ntchitoyi, ndipo chitetezo cha mthupi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika dongosololi kuti lisaphonye zitsanzo "zopanda pake". The hormone aldosterone imayambitsa mchere mu thupi la mchere wambiri wamchere - sodium ndi potaziyamu. Matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi anyamata m'mimba mwa anyamata komanso mazira ambiri. Mahomoni, omwe amabweretsa, amatha kusintha kagayidwe ka maselo. Choncho, testosterone (yaikulu hormone yamphongo) imathandiza kukula kwa minofu, mafupa. Imawonjezera chilakolako ndipo amachititsa anyamata kukhala achiwawa. Ndipo, ngakhale kuti testosterone imatengedwa ngati hormone yamphongo, imayendetsedwa mwa amayi, koma posawerengera pang'ono.
Kwa dokotala!
Kawirikawiri, ana omwe ali ndi kulemera kwakukulu ndi ana omwe amaleka kwambiri kuseri kwa anzawo akukula amabwera kwa mwana wamwamuna wa zaka zambiri. Makolo m'malo momvetsera kuti mwanayo amaonekera pakati pa anzanu, ndikuyamba kudziwa chifukwa chake. Matenda ena ambiri otchedwa endocrine alibe zochitika, ndipo vuto ndilo makolo ndi madokotala nthawi zambiri amadziwa kuti matendawa asintha kale ntchito ya chiwalo kapena chiwalo chonse. Zodziwikiratu mwanayo: thupi. Mu ana aang'ono, mutu ndi thunthu zokhudzana ndi kutalika kwa thupi lidzakhala lalikulu. Kuyambira zaka 9 mpaka 10 mwanayo ayamba kutambasula, ndipo kukula kwake kwa thupi kumayandikira akuluakulu.