Kodi ntchito yamadzi ndi iti?
Kukhutira madzi okwanira n'kofunika kuti ntchito yake ikhale yogwira ndi maselo onse a thupi. Choncho, timamva bwino, kutopa, pamene kutaya madzi m'thupi ndi 2%. Ndipo pamene madzi okhutira mu thupi akudumpha ndi 9%, izi zidzathetsa mavuto aakulu azaumoyo. Mudzadabwa, koma sitingathe kupuma popanda madzi! Mpweya wofiira, usanaloŵe m'mapapu a munthu, uyenera kukhuta ndi chinyezi chamlengalenga.
Akuluakulu oyang'anira ntchito adawonetsa kuti zoposa 800 zonyansa zingakhalepo pamphepete mwa madzi. Ndipo ambiri a iwo sapindula thupi. Komanso, potsata zowonjezereka kwa chilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa zomwe zilipo m'madzi zikupitirizabe kuwonjezeka. Malo osungirako mankhwala ndi malo osungira pamwamba pa madzi pansi sangathe kuthana ndi kuyeretsedwa kwawo. Poyeretsa madzi akumwa, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru za sayansi ndi njira yapadera.
Kodi ndi zoopsa zotani m'madzi?
Imodzi mwa mitundu yowonjezereka ya kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kuchokera pamphepete ikhoza kutchedwa chlorine. Kukhalapo kwa klorini kumatha kudziwika ndi zosasangalatsa, koma "zopweteka" fungo lodziwika bwino. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, kupaka chlorination m'nthawi yake kunathandiza kuyeretsa madzi ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Komabe, patapita kanthawi, kupiritsika kwa mankhwala kumayambitsa matenda ena owopsa. Chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika pakati pa chlorine ndi organic zinthu zitasungunuka m'madzi, zimayambitsa poizoni trigalomethanes. Ndicho chiyambi cha kukula kwa khansa ndi matenda a mtima, kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi ndi impso, komanso kukalamba msanga. Mwamwayi, lero trihalomethanes zimakhala zowonjezera zosakaniza za madzi akumwa. Choncho, kuyeretsa madzi akumwa kuchokera ku chlorini ndiloyenera! Njira yosavuta ndiyo kusunga madzi kwa maola angapo. Kuthamanga kwa klorini kumatuluka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera m'madzi. Komabe, poyeretsa, kuphatikizapo trihalomethanes, mafayilo osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zinthu zambiri zoopsa zomwe zinasungunuka m'madzi zimadzikundikira m'thupi mwathu ndipo zimayambitsa matenda aakulu omwe amakhala ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali. Nazi mankhwala awiri oposa 800 omwe amapezeka m'madzi akumwa. Ndi mercury ndi kutsogolera. Mercury ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa zamoyo zilizonse. Ngati mercury kuchokera mumadzi a mumzindawu madzi akuyenera kuchotsedwa, ndiye kuti mitsinje ya m'mudziyi siitetezedwe. Makamaka mercury wambiri m'madzi a m'madera akumidzi yayikulu. Amakhudzidwa ndi madzi, amadyetsa ng'ombe ndi kuthirira nthaka yaulimi. Chifukwa chake, mercury imasonkhanitsa nyama, mkaka ndi zomera. Kuchulukitsa kwa mercury kungakhale kosayenerera ndipo kumakhala kuyendetsa ukhondo. Komabe, mercury kupyolera mu chakudya chimalowa mthupi lathu ndipo chimalowa mu maselo. Kutentha kwa Mercury kawirikawiri kumayambitsa mavuto a khungu, kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi ndi impso, kupweteka kwa dzino, ndiko kuyambitsa magazi mkati.
Chitsulo china cholemera kwambiri mumadzi ndi chitsogozo. Izi zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri! Mtsogoleri ali ndi zotsatira zovuta pachithunzi chachikulu cha mitsempha ndi yobereka, amalepheretsa kumva komanso amachititsa kuti magazi azikakamizika. Pokhala ndi msinkhu wochuluka, kutsogolera kumayambitsa kuchepetsa kukula kwa ana, kuchepa kwa luso la kuphunzira. Komanso impso kuwonongeka ndi kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi. Ana ndi ofunika kwambiri kutsogolera.
Madzi ochokera pamphepete ndi gwero la matenda
Madzi ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Cholera - yoopsya kwambiri mwa iwo posachedwapa - mwatsoka, siinakhale malo a mbiriyakale. Izi posachedwapa zatsimikizira miliri ku Mykolayiv ndi Dagestan. Ndi kolera m'kuopsa kwa zotsatira ndi kuchuluka kwa matenda a mliri m'mbuyomo, matenda ena am'madzi otentha - typhoid fever - anali kupikisana. Ndipo ngakhale kuti matenda akuluakulu salinso m'nthawi yathu ino, kuphulika kwakung'ono kwa kolera ndi typhus kumachitika. Mndandanda wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timapatsirana ndi madzi timapitirizabe ndi mabakiteriya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a brucellosis, salmonellosis, kamwazi ndi matenda ena ambiri opatsirana. Mndandanda umenewu watsirizidwa ndi mavairasi, omwe otchuka kwambiri ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis A.
Pakuyamba kutuluka kwa matenda opatsirana, kuyeretsa kwa madzi kosavuta kachitidwe ka madzi sikuli koyenera nthawi zonse. Ngakhale madzi oyeretsedwa bwino angadetsedwe kale mu mapaipi, panjira yopita ku granes m'nyumba zathu. Makamaka kwambiri ndizotheka pomwepo, kumene mipope ya madzi yakale, yomwe imathamanga imayandikira pafupi. Komanso kumene madzi amadyetsedwa mu nyumba ndi mapulogalamu. Pachifukwa ichi, pamene madzi omwe ali pamipope akuchotsedwa, chotsitsa chimayengedwa ndipo amamwa madzi kuchokera ku dothi lozungulira - ndi zonse zomwe ziri mmenemo.
Ndi mtundu wanji wa kuyeretsedwa kwa madzi omwe ndiyenera kumwa?
Ngati sitingathe kudalira madzi akuthamanga pa pompopu, ndizoyeretsa zotani? Nthaŵi zambiri, ogula amasankha madzi otsekemera. Anthu amakhulupirira kuti tilibe njira ina yotulukira. Komabe, kugula madzi otsekemera ndi otsika mtengo osati njira yabwino kwambiri. Zimakhala zovuta kuti mutenge nthawi zonse mumabotolo akuluakulu ogulitsira, omwe mumayenera kuchotsa. Kuonjezerapo, ubwino wa madzi omwe ali ndi botolo umadalira chikumbumtima cha ogulitsa. Mwamwayi, pali maulendo ambiri pamene khalidwe loti madzi amadziwika silikugwirizana ndi khalidwe lenileni la madzi. Kuphatikizanso apo, pali zochitika za fake zamtengo wapatali. Ngati mukufunabe kugula madzi otsekedwa m'masitolo, malonda ogula opanga okhazikika. Musatenge madzi oyamba, makamaka chakudya cha ana.
Posankha madzi omwe ali ndi botolo, onetsetsani kuti mukuwona mankhwala ake. Madzi otsekemera amagawidwa m'madzi amchere, zachilengedwe ndi amchere. Ngati mumamwa madzi amchere tsiku ndi tsiku, mchere umatha kuwonjezereka. Ndipo, ndithudi, zimakhudza thanzi lanu. Mwachitsanzo, sodium - imayambitsa kukhetsa magazi. Calcium, ngati imalandiridwa mopitirira muyeso ndi madzi a mchere, ikhoza kuthandizira kupanga mapangidwe a impso. Kukula kwakukulu, madzi abwino akumwa amadalira mtundu wa madzi ogawa komanso zipangizo zamagetsi, ma disinfection ndi kudzaza teknoloji. Ndipo, ndithudi, pa khalidwe la gwero lokha. Kawirikawiri tebulo madzi a opanga ambiri ndi madzi apopopi, omwe amatsukidwa kuchokera ku chlorine.
Pali lingaliro pakati pa anthu kuti madzi amatsuka bwino siliva. Osati zopanda pake zopanda pake zopangidwa ndi siliva ndi golidi. Asayansi amatsimikizira kuti ndalama zimathandiza kwambiri. Kumbali ina, musati mulimbikitse kuti mugwiritse ntchito molakwa njira iyi yosambitsira madzi akumwa pa pompu. Choyamba, siliva sichitsuka madzi, imangowonongeka. Kuchotsa mabakiteriya ndi majeremusi, simungatetezedwe ku zosavulaza zoipa. Chidziwitso cholakwika chimapangidwa. Chachiwiri, kuti zinthu zitheke, malo a siliva ayenera kukhala aakulu kwambiri. Chachitatu, madokotala samadziŵa ubwino wa madzi a siliva-oxidized. Pali zotsutsana ndi matenda ena.
Mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa kuyeretsedwa kwa madzi a matepi akumwa ndizosefera zapakhomo. Mumadziletsa nokha ndipo mungatsimikize kuti madziwo ndi oyera. Komabe, m'pofunika kutenga njira yodalirika yosankha fyuluta ya kuyeretsa madzi. Mulimonsemo mungathe kupulumutsa pa khalidwe! Zitsamba zamtengo wapatali zimatsanso madzi. Koma ngati simusintha nthawi, mudzapeza zoipitsa zambiri muzinthu ziwiri. Sankhani ndondomeko yamakonzedwe ka madzi oyeretsera maulendo ambiri omwe amachititsa kuti asinthe. Zimagwira bwanji ntchito? Poyamba, madzi am'mapepala amatha kupyolera pa fyuluta yoyamba, kuchotsa zitsulo, dzimbiri, nthaka particles, colloidal particles. Komanso chlorini, zina zosafunika ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kukoma kwa madzi. Kenaka madziwa amasankhidwa pa maselo ofanana molingana ndi mfundo yotsitsimula. Mankhwala, trihalomethanes, zitsulo zolemera, poizoni, zonyansa zamadzi, mazana ena a zinthu zina zotayitsa madzi amachotsedwa ndi kutsukidwa. Fyuluta yapamwamba imapereka zana peresenti kuyeretsedwa kwa madzi kuchokera ku mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi. Mpaka lero, kusinthika kwa osmosis ndi njira yamakono yamakono yowonetsera madzi.
Pambuyo kusintha kwakukulu konseku, madzi abwino kwambiri ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi chololera, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimafaniziridwa ndi kukoma kwa madzi kuchokera ku kasupe kapena mtsinje wamapiri. Sikudzakhala madzi - sipadzakhala moyo pa dziko lapansi. Padzakhala malo opanda kanthu, ozizira. Tili ndi mphamvu zoteteza zozizwitsa izi, kuti tipewe kuopsya nthawi zonse zachilengedwe, kuipitsa chitonzo. Imwani madzi oyeretsedwa nthawi zambiri. Madokotala amalangiza zosachepera 2.5 malita a madzi tsiku lililonse. Ndipo iwe udzakhala wathanzi ndi wokondwa!