Ngati karapuzik yakhanda ikumana ndi maola awiri pamzere, kapena ngati mwana wamwamuna wazaka zitatu akunyansidwa kale, amayi kapena abambo akudandaula wina ndi mzake kuti: "Izi ndizo majini a banja lanu!" Inde, majini amasankha ngati si onse, ndiye zambiri. Choncho, mtundu wonse wa tsitsi, ndi kudula kwa maso, ndi chikhazikitso cha thupi, komanso makhalidwe ena, munthu wamng'ono, mofunitsitsa kapena mosadziŵa, kulandira cholowa. Kuti akhudze izi, mwatsoka kapena mwatsoka, munthu sangakwanitse (kupanga anthu ndi kulowerera mu "ntchito ya Mulungu" panthawi ya kubadwa kwa moyo watsopano sikuletsedwa ndi lamulo). Komabe, pali zifukwa pamene palibe chithandizo cha geneticists kuonekera kwa mwana wathanzi kumayikidwa pansi pa funso lalikulu ... Kotero, kuti tithachezere "olamulira a majini", amayi ndi abambo ali nazo zifukwa zisanu ndi ziwiri ...
1. Kukonzekera mimba
Tsopano mabanja ambiri achinyamata, akungogwiritsa ntchito ku ofesi yolembera, akukonzekera nthawi yowoneka m'banja lawo la chipatso chaching'ono cha chikondi. Ngakhale pamene nthawiyi ifika, amayi ndi abambo amtsogolo amakhudzidwa kwambiri kuti mwana wawo ndi chizindikiro cha Zodiac ayenera kukhala Capricorn (Lion, Aquarius ...) ndi nthumwi yofuna - yamphamvu kapena yokongola - kugonana. Pafupi, kupereka kupenda kwa magazi kapena kuyanjana ndi geneticist, kulankhula, monga lamulo, sikupita. Kapena zimapita, ngati zakhala zovuta kale ndi kutenga pakati kapena kutenga mimba. Chifukwa chiyani dokotala wa dokotala wa zamoyo akudutsa? Zoopsa? Muzikhulupirira mwadala. Komabe, zenizeni, palibe chowopsyeza mu uphungu wa ma ARV, koma pakati panu, pakati pa kuchuluka kwa "nkhani zochititsa manyazi" za mimba, sipadzakhala chifukwa chachisangalalo chapadera.
Geneticist idzapangitsa mwanayo kuti adziwe ngati banja lanu liri pachiopsezo cha matenda obadwa nawo, ndipo akulimbikitseni kuti mupange maphunziro oyenera kuti muteteze matenda omwe angayambitse mwanayo. Izi zimachitika kuti ngakhale kholo lomwe liri lotetezeka kuchoka ku malo owona kuti akhoza kukhala ndi moyo, akhoza kukhala ndi "kuwonongeka," ndi mwana yemwe thanzi lake, lomwe likuwoneka ngati labwino, siliwopsyeza chilichonse, potsutsidwa ndi zinthu zina zakunja, zoopsa zowoneka ndi kuphwanya kobadwa. Chomwecho, ntchito ya geneticist sikuti iwafunse makolo zokhudzana ndi matenda obadwa nawo, komanso kudziwa ngati pali zotsatira zovulaza pamoyo wa amayi ndi abambo omwe angakhudze thanzi la mwana wawo wosabadwa (mwachitsanzo, kutuluka kwa radioactive, kugwira ntchito ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi ndi zina zotero), ndikudziwitsanso mwayi wakubadwa kwa mwana ndi matenda amodzi. Mwamwayi, makolo omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino omwe akukonzekera mwana sakadaliranso kawirikawiri kwa ma genetic, ndipo, motero, malingana ndi medstatistiki, ngakhale pa banja labwinobwino, chiopsezo chokhala ndi mwana wokhala ndi chromosomal breakage ndi 5-10%. Ngati banja sililowa mu nambalayi, likuwoneka ngati laling'ono. Ndipo ngati icho chikugunda?
2. N'zosatheka kulera mwana kapena kupirira mimba (zosayembekezereka zolakwika)
Nthawi zina maofesi a ma genetic ndi mabanja oterewa. Iwo amatembenukira kwa iye, pokhala atalowa kale mu zochitika zopanda chiyembekezo. Zizindikiro zimakhala zolimba, ndipo ngati mkazi alibe ana kwa nthawi yayitali kapena pali zolakwika zapadera, achibale amamuimba mlandu mkaziyo ... Choipa kwambiri ndi pamene mkaziyo amayamba kukhulupirira kuti "sangathe kukhala ndi mwana wathanzi" ndipo amalephera kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chokhala mayi. Kawirikawiri, vuto lonse ndiloti vutoli limakhala lopanda pathupi (feteleza lomwe limapangidwa ndi kusakanikirana kwa maselo a amayi ndi abambo) kumayambitsa kukana ndi kukanidwa kwa dzira la fetus pa nthawi yofulumira kwambiri (masiku oyambirira kapena maola oyambirira). Ndipo izi sizikhoza kuphatikizapo kuchedwa kwa mwezi uliwonse ndipo sipangakhale zizindikiro za mimba. Nthawi zina maanja amatha kupitiliza zaka ndikuyesa kuperewera kapena kuperewera kwa mimba, popanda kuganiza kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha zolephereka zonse ndizo zenizeni. Kuyankhulana kwachidziwitso kuchipatala choyambitsa matenda komanso kupanga ma genetic pa nthawi ya mimba kudzamveketsa mkhalidwe wosawoneka bwino komanso kuthetsa mikangano. Pachifukwa ichi, makolo omwe akuyembekezera nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa mayeso a magazi omwewo kuti adziwe mtundu wa karyo. Ndipo kuphunzira za chromosome kuyesetsa ndizogwirizana, chifukwa mwanayo amapeza theka la chromosomes kuchokera kwa amayi ake, ndipo chachiwiri - kuchokera kwa papa.
3. Mbadwo wa mayi wamtsogolo - wazaka 35, ndi apapa - makumi asanu
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ngakhale kuti zaka zakubadwa za amai amakono zawonjezeka kufikira zaka 40, ndipo mawu akuti "akale" omwe ali achikulire oposa 25 adachoka ku lexicon ngakhale madokotala ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika, nthawi imakhala yosasinthika - mazira aakazi amakalamba. Pambuyo pake, iwo ndi akulu kuposa thupi la mkazi ndi ... 4.5 miyezi komanso "zokonzedwa" izi zimakhala zokhutira mu thupi lake nthawi yonse ya kubala. Spermatozoa imatsitsimutsidwa masiku onse 72-80. Kotero, zimachitika kuti dzira lokalamba chifukwa cha msinkhu wake silimayesetsabe nthawi zonse ndi "maudindo" apamwamba kwambiri - chiopsezo cha kusintha kwa thupi kumakula ndi zaka. Genetics imagwira ntchito ndi ziwerengero zolimba: kwazigawo 900 za amayi a zaka 25 ali ndi mwana mmodzi ali ndi matenda ovutika, omwe ali ndi zaka 35 ali ndi chiopsezo chokhala ndi mwana ali ndi matenda otero, mwatsoka, amakula katatu ... Koma kubereka ali ndi zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri makamaka mwachangu, chifukwa kutaya kwa chromosome kumakhala ndi mwana aliyense wakhanda 24. Mfundozi sizomwe zimakhudza zokhumba ndi luso la mayi, yemwe ali ndi zaka zopitirira 40, kutenga pakati ndi kukhala ndi mwana. Kuti tipewe kulakwitsa kwakukulu, ndi bwino kuyendera mazithunzi pa nthawi ndikutsatira malingaliro ake.
4. Zizindikiro za mimba
Mimba yayamba kale kudziwonetsera yokha ndi zikwapu ziwiri pa mayeso. Amayi amavomereza kuyamika ndi achibale ndi abwenzi, amayamba kuyang'anira zakudya zake (amasintha chakudya cham'mawa chokhala ndi khofi ndi chokoleti, yoghurt ndi gruel kuchokera ku mpunga wosasunthika), amapereka magazini kwa makolo ndipo "amalembera" pa zokambirana za amayi. Pamene mayi wam'tsogolo amalembedwa (ndipo izi ziyenera kuthamanga pa sabata la 8-10th la mimba), dokotala wa matenda odwala matenda odwala matendawa amamufunsa za matenda, mimba yapitayi, komanso mimba yomwe ilipo. Mwachidule, zifukwa zotsatirazi zingatsogolere chisankho cha mayi wamayi kuti apereke mayi wamtsogolo ku mayeso a majini:
• Matenda olowa mwa mmodzi mwa makolo a mwana wamtsogolo;
• Kubadwa kwa mwana wapitala ndi matenda opatsirana kapena chromosomal;
• Mayi wa mtsogolo ali ndi zaka zoposa 35;
• Kutengera mavitamini a mayi ndi mwana: Ngati mayi asanakwanitse milungu 12 asanakwane anatenga mankhwala ozunguza bongo kapena zakudya zowonjezera, kapena mowa. Ponena za chinthu chomaliza, ndibwino kukhala tcheru, makamaka ngati pali lingaliro lakuti malingaliro osakonzekera amangochitika pokhapokha phwandolo, komwe amayi kapena abambo amtsogolo anali pansi pa dalaivala.
5. Zotsatira za kufufuza kwa ultrasound
Kuyezetsa koyamba ndi bwino kupititsa kale kusiyana ndi momwe kalendala yowonjezeredwa ya ultrasound ikufunira, mu masabata 4-5 oyambirira. Panthawi imeneyi, dokotala akhoza kuonetsetsa kuti dzira la fetus lilipo, monga momwe likuyembekezeredwa, mu chiberekero cha uterine, kapena kuti "dislocation" yosafuna (pali chiopsezo cha ectopic pregnancy).
Yachiwiri ya ultrasound iyenera kuchitika pasanathe milungu isanu ndi iwiri, pamene dokotala angathe ndipo ayenera kuchita zovuta zowonongeka za ziphuphu zina ndikuzindikira kusintha komwe kumawoneka kuti matendawa ndi othandiza - kenako mkaziyo amatumizidwa ku majini. Katswiri angapereke kafukufuku wochuluka mwakugwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imakulolani kuti mutenge maselo kuchokera ku placenta ndikudziŵa bwino lomwe chromosome ya mwanayo panthawi yoyembekezera (chorionic biopsy, amniocentesis). Njira yachiwiri (yachiwiri) yomwe imakonzedweratu imachitika bwino sabata 20-22. Nthawiyi amatha kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mwanayo asinthe nkhope yake, miyendo, komanso kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zingatheke pakukula kwa ziwalo za mkati mwa mwanayo. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri panthawi ino sichidziwikiratu nokha, koma mwayi wochizira mwana m'mimba kapena kukonzekera mwambo wapadera wa kubadwa kwa mwana, musanayambe kupeza njira zoyenera zothandizira mankhwala mpaka mwanayo atachira.
6. Kufufuza kwa mayesero a zamoyo
Ngati tiwafunsa amayi omwe adzalandira mtsogolo zomwe angafune kuthetsa mimba zawo, mwina onse 100% angayankhe kuti: "Kusanthula kosawerengeka." Koma ichi, ngakhale chosangalatsa kwambiri, mawu akuti "zosangalatsa" sangathe kuthetseratu, chifukwa nthawi zina ndizoyezetsa magazi nthawi zonse zomwe zimasonyeza zinthu zochititsa mantha. Zizindikiro za zovuta zowonongeka ndizo zigawo zikuluzikulu za mapuloteni a plasma, alpha-fetoprotein ndi chorionic gonadotropin - mapuloteni apadera omwe amapangidwa ndi ma nthumwi a embryonic. Pamene mapuloteni ambiri m'magazi a mayi wamtsogolo adzasintha, ndizotheka kukayikira kuti zingatheke kusemphana ndi chitukuko cha mwanayo. Kuphunzira za zizindikiro zoterezi kumachitika pazinthu zina:
• mlingo wa mapuloteni a plasma ndi chorionic gonadotropin - pamasabata khumi ndi khumi ndi awiri ndi khumi ndi awiri (13-13);
• Chorionic gonadotropin ndi alfa-fetoprotein - pa masabata 16-20. Zotsatira za kuyesedwa kwa magazi kumene Amayi amapereka mu labata lakawonesi la amayi, pitani kwa mayi wamayi, yemwe ali ndi mkazi panthawi yonse ya mimba. Ngati pali chifukwa chodera nkhaŵa komanso kuwonjezeranso kafukufuku, dokotala yemwe akupezeka pa phwando lotsatira kapena pa foni amauza Amayi za kufunikira kochezera ma genetic ndi kupititsa mayeso a chibadwa.
7. Zovuta kwambiri pa matenda opatsirana kumene
O, matendawa ... Koma iwo, mochenjera, nthawi zina samadutsa mayi wamtsogolo, koma mosiyana, "amamatirira" thupi lake kapena, pokhala kutali kwambiri, ayamba kupita patsogolo. Chifukwa cha izi - ndipo zinafooketsedwa ndi mimba yolepheretsa mimba, komanso matenda osatetezedwa, komanso matenda omwe amachititsa nyengo, omwe palibe amene amatetezedwa.
Matenda ena a mavairasi (herpes, rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis) pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati akhoza kuchititsa kuti mwana asamakula bwino (chifukwa chake matendawa amatchedwa intrauterine). Ndikoyenera kuyesa kuyezetsa kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa asanatenge mimba kapena masabata oyambirira a nthawiyi, pamene akadali kotheka kuteteza mphamvu zawo pa mwanayo. Ngati zotsatirazi zikuchitika m'chigawo chachiwiri kapena chachitatu - zonse zikhoza kuthera mwachisoni.
Nchifukwa chiyani chromosomal zosachitika zimachitika?
Genetics imadziwa yankho la funso ili. Zoona zake n'zakuti anthu oyenera kukhala ndi chromosome ndi awiri. Momwemo, patatha kuyanjana kwa maselo a amayi anga ndi abambo, ndondomeko yowonjezera magawo kukhala maselo ndi selo limodzi la "mawiri" la chromosome likupita kwa amayi 23 ndi abambo 23. Koma zimachitika kuti kromosome yachitatu imalumikizana ndi "zifukwa zokhazokha" - ndipo trio ((sayansi, trisomy) ndizo zimayambitsa matenda osabereka. Mulimonsemo, mankhwala amakono ali ndi kuthekera kwa kuzindikira zolakwika izi pasadakhale. Ndipo zimathandiza mu ndimeyi ya mayeso a maumuna pamene ali ndi mimba. Choncho musachite mantha ndi njira imeneyi - ndikukhala ndi thanzi labwino!