Cholowa chofunikira ndi chopanda pake
Si chinsinsi kuti maphunziro athu apamwamba apindula kuchokera ku Soviet Union popanda kusintha kwenikweni. Komanso, Soviet system inalandira zambiri kuchokera ku Russia ya tsarist, kuphatikizapo aphunzitsi ambiri. Maunivesite a USSR ankagwira ntchito nthawi yaitali pazochita za anthu akale, zisanayambe kusintha, ndi maziko a Pulofesa Preobrazhensky, chifukwa panalibe malo oti atenge atsopano. Kotero, mwa njira, bungwe lachidziwitso la "chikhalidwe" ndi amene ali ndi diploma, ngakhale kuti izi ndi zosavuta, chifukwa chikhalidwe chimakhazikitsidwa kuyambira ali wamng'ono, m'banja, ndipo pambuyo pake - kusukulu, ndipo mnyamatayo ayenera kukhala munthu wokhwima kale.
Diploma ya maphunziro apamwamba siwapangitsa aliyense kukhala wanzeru
Koma maphunziro apamwamba a Soviet afuna kuti anthu onse afikire: motero dongosolo la ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 1920, omwe panthawi yofulumira adapatsa antchito achidziwitso kuti sanalandire sukulu kuti athe kulowa ku yunivesite. Kenaka udindo womwewo unaseweredwa ndi masukulu madzulo. Kusagwirizana pakati pa ophunzira kunathetsedwa: kotero, kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, mu 1941, ophunzira 58% m'mayunivesite a USSR anali atsikana. Komabe, kupezeka uku kunali ndi zovuta zina. Mwachitsanzo, padziko lonse pali kusiyana pakati pa maphunziro a makolo ndi ana: ngati bambo ndi mayi ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba, mwanayo amafunanso kulandira ndipo banja lidzamuthandiza mwanjira iliyonse.
Ku Soviet Union, kudalira kumeneku kunali kofooka kwambiri, ndipo ambiri anali kudabwa ngati lero ndikofunika kuti apite maphunziro apamwamba. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa chakuti mayunivesites anali ndi phindu lochulukitsa pazakhalidwe kapena zachikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, kwa antchito. M'nthawi ya Soviet Union, kudalira pakati pa maphunziro a makolo ndi ana kwasintha kwambiri. Inde, ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma 1950, maiko oyunivesite aja adadzaza mafunso omwe anali ndi mafunso okhudza dziko lawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo, komanso: "Kodi makolo anu anachita chiani chaka cha 1917 chisanachitike?" - Chiyukireniya maphunziro oyeneranso kulandira, komabe tsopano kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndi kusagwirizana kwachuma.
Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa antchito akuphunzitsa kuopseza, kuponderezana, kusamukira kudziko lina, njala ndi nkhondo, ndi "akale akale" ndi ophunzira awo enieni kuti maphunziro opambana a Soviet sayansi ali okhudzana ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri. Koma boma latsopano likufunikira, choyamba, watsopano wandale, ndi mwamsanga, ndipo kachiwiri, nzika zokhulupirika, ndi zina. Chifukwa chake, chiwerengero cha mayunivesites omwe anali ku Soviet chinawonjezeka kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 1927 mpaka 1930 chinawonjezeka kuchokera 129 mpaka 600 - pafupifupi kasanu!), Koma pazinthu zapamwamba, mabungwe a yunivesite nthawi zina safuna kutero. Izi zinkakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zofuna zaumwini (akatswiri a mbiri yakale, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, akatswiri a zafilosofi, akatswiri a zachuma, olemba mbiri, akatswiri a zaumulungu, olemba mbiri, akatswiri a zaumulungu, olemba mbiri, akatswiri a zaulimi, filosofi, anapangidwa popanda ife. Akatswiri a Soviet Union sanali - panali ziŵerengero zokha. Ndicho chifukwa chake maphunziro omwewo m'munda wa maphunziro sali okwanira - asayansi alibe deta yokwanira.
"Ndipo ndi Kolya ndi Vera, amayi onse ndi injiniya"
"Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo" ku Soviet Union anali otchuka kwambiri kuti "lyricists", ndi ogwira ntchito zapadera - pamwamba pa asayansi asayansi. Izi zinapangitsa kuti, kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1979, chiwerengero cha ophunzira apamwamba ku dipatimenti ya yunivesite chinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 22 mpaka 49 peresenti ya chiwerengero chonse! Kodi mukuganiza kuti pafupifupi theka la akatswiri a dzikoli? Inde, ambiri a iwo anasiya perestroika popanda ntchito. Ndipo chirichonse chinayamba bwino ndi chikondi: chiyambi cha nthawi ya msinkhu, maloto a maulendo a ndege, atomu yamtendere, kugonjetsa chirengedwe ... Chabwino ndizoipa, koma zenizeni za sayansi - mwachidule - zinali zachikhalidwe cha m'ma 60s ndi 70s. Inde, achinyamata adalota kuti adziwonetsera okha "kutsogolo" ndipo, ndithudi, sali okwanira aliyense.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa chidziwitso cha anthu, kapena makamaka momwe zimakhalira ndi maphunziro apamwamba, zimayenera kufufuza mosapita m'mbali zaka "zowonjezereka" ndi za perestroika. Panthawiyi, kuchuluka kunapindulitsa khalidweli: mlingo wa kuphunzitsa m'mayunivesiti omwe potsiriza unatha kutha kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo, kuchepa kwakukulu, ndipo "ulamuliro wolamulira waumwini" pang'onopang'ono unachititsa kuwonongera mtengo wa maphunziro. Mabanja anzeru amakhulupirirabe kuti akufunikira kuphunzira, koma ambiri adadziwa kuti "kutumphuka" sikuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi chidziwitso, ndipo ndithudi sikuthandiza kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino. Izi sizinasinthike - kusinthaku kunachitika pang'onopang'ono koma ndithudi.
"Kulikonse kumene mukuphunzira, musaphunzire"
Chodabwitsa, "kutayika kwa makumi asanu ndi anayi" kunadziwika ndi anthu omwe sanagwiritse ntchito chidwi ndi maphunziro apamwamba: chiwerengero cha mayunivesite ndi ophunzira anawonjezeka kawiri kapena katatu ndipo akupitiriza kukula. Chinthuchi n'chachidziwikire kuti diploma ya maphunziro apamwamba adalonjeza mwayi wopeza ntchito yabwino kwambiri - panthawiyi iwo akugwira osati chifukwa cha zovutazo. Inde, ndipo malonda a zamayunivesite anatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti adawonjezera ophunzira omwe sanakhale ndi zotsatira za mayeso.
Maphunziro apamwamba amapindulanso gawo lina lofunika kwambiri la anthu: "otetezeka", omwe achinyamata angathe "kuikidwa" panthawi yomwe ntchito yaikuluyi ikuchitika, kotero kuti sichisonyeza mphamvu zawo zachiwawa kukhala anthu osafunikira - mwachitsanzo, nthawi yomwe mutha kusintha nthawi yayitali. Inde, izi sizimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse, koma tonsefe timakhala ndi nthawi zambiri, makamaka kumadzulo, kumene ophunzira ali ndi ufulu wokonzekera nthawi yawo yophunzitsa, motero, omasuka. Mipikisano ya ophunzira ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi chithunzi chofotokozera zomwe mphamvu ya unyamata imatha. Komabe, maphunziro a Soviet, ndipo pambuyo pake pambuyo pa Soviet one, akhala akuyesa kuyendetsa galimoto ophunzira kuti azikhala okhwima kwambiri ndi kudzaza nthawi yawo yonse ndi mavuto osasimbika. Pokhala otetezeka motere wophunzira, makamaka kuganiza ndi udindo, ndi otetezeka kwa ena.
Ntchito yotetezeka ya yunivesite inali yofunika kwa ife chifukwa choti achinyamata omwe amaphunzira amaphatikizapo kubwereranso kuchokera kwa asilikali omwe sali odziwika bwino, ndipo atsikana amapereka mpata wokwatira bwino (sizowopsa, kunena kuti pafupifupi anthu onse otchedwa "akalulu" amatchedwa "luso la mkwatibwi") nthawi zambiri, maphunziro ndi kumaliza. Mwachidule, ntchito zonse zapadera za maphunziro apamwamba zafika patsogolo, potsalira kwambiri. "Kulikonse kumene mungaphunzire, ngati simukuphunzira," - olowa nawo ambiri amatsatira mfundo imeneyi.
Kuwonjezera apo , dongosolo la maphunziro apamwamba lakhala likuvutitsidwa kawirikawiri ndi izi kapena izi zapadera: ngati kugwa kwa Soviet Union kunasiya akatswiri mazana a injini popanda njira zopezera moyo, ndiye poyambira kwa zaka chikwi chatsopano, mabwalo amilandu ndi alankhulidwe mosayenera sanafunikire. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zoyambirira zazaka za zana la 21, tinakumananso ndi vuto lina - vuto la anthu. Ino inali nthawi yopita ku masukulu apamwamba a ana omwe anabadwa kumapeto kwa zaka 90, ndipo iyi inali nthawi ya "maenje". Pali ochepa omwe akulowa mmalo kusiyana ndi malo a ku yunivesite, ndiko kuti, maphunziro athu amatchulidwa mwachindunji, koma izi sizikulimbikitsa. Mwinamwake, kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa m'tsogolomu kudzachititsa kuchepa kwa kupeleka.
Ku Ukraine, magulu oposa 900 a maphunziro a III - IV akuvomerezedwa. Izi ndizofunika koposa. Ngati chikhalidwecho chikupitirira, ndiye kuti m'tsogolomu tikhoza kuyembekezera chiwerengero cha maphunziro apamwamba, ndipo olemba ntchito sadzasamalira diploma, koma ndi zina. Ndipo zikhoza kukhala chirichonse: kugonana, zaka, ndale kapena zochitika zogonana ... Zoonadi, izi zikuwonekera kale: zofalitsa zambiri za ntchito zimapempha kuti anthu asapange ma diploma okha, koma madipatimenti a magulu ena a maphunziro omwe nthawi zonse amasangalala ndi ulamuliro. Olemba ena amasankha kuti, ponena kuti, omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa 35 (ngakhale kuti anthu achikulire ndi omwe angaphunzire bwino kwambiri) kapena okhala m'madera ena.
Tinakumana wina ndi mzake maso ndi maso: zilibe zopanda pake kulandira diploma chifukwa cha diploma yokha. Kuphunzira si zonse osati zonse. Ndipo maphunziro ayenera kukhala osiyana - osasinthasintha ndipo amasinthidwa ku zosowa za ngakhale lero koma mawa. Kuchokera ku "zapendi" payenera kukhala kutuluka. Takhala tikukhalamo kwa nthawi yayitali.