Kuphunzitsa mwana kugwiritsa ntchito mphika ndikofunika kuti amayi padziko lonse ayang'ane. Ndipo ngakhale vuto liri chimodzi, kuthetsera mdziko lililonse kuli kosiyana, nthawi zina sikunali koyendera pamaganizo athu. Zonse zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro, zenizeni za "kubala" kwadziko. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti sitingathe kubwereka chinachake kuchokera kudziko lina ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito bwino! Zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa "kuchokera kunja" zimapindulitsa kuphunzira , - choyamba, kukhala wodekha komanso kupita patsogolo ku cholinga chofunika popanda kudziletsa ("Ndili mayi woipa, chifukwa mwana wanga sakudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphika m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pansi pa zaka 2"). Sungakhoze - kuphunzira, ndikuchita ndiye , nthawi ikafika, pamene idzakhala yokonzeka! Choncho, yoyamba lamulo lothandiza, limene timabwereka kwa amayi a mayiko ena: kukhala chete, kukhala chete! Chilichonse chili ndi nthawi!
Ndi dziko mu ulusi
Pali njira zingapo zophunzitsira ana "luso" lakummawa ku Ulaya kokha: zonsezi zikhoza kusankhidwa, Pentezidenti P. Accardo wa Virginia Medical College (USA), yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito magulu atatu a njira:
Kulowera ku mphika kuchokera ku masabata oyambirira a moyo wa mwana. Njira imeneyi sichimawongolera mofulumira kwambiri kuphunzirira mwamsanga mwana ku poto, kuchuluka bwanji kwa kukula kwa malingaliro ena mwa amayi omwe amaphunzira ndi zizindikiro zina zakunja (kubuula kwa mwana, nkhaŵa) kuzindikira pamene msungwanayo akufuna kupita kuchimbudzi.
Kuwongolera ku mphika ali ndi zaka za mwana ndi pafupi miyezi 18. Zimayang'ana pa mwanayo, ndi zaka zino kuti matsirizidwe omaliza ndi aumunthu apitirire, chifukwa cha zomwe mwanayo amatha kuyambitsa kukodza ndi kutaya.
Kulowera ku mphika ali ndi zaka zitatu. Njira "yaulesi" ikufotokozedwa pa zaka za mwanayo pamene ayamba kutsanzira akuluakulu ndipo potsiriza, puzzles ndi funso lakuti: "Ndichifukwa chiyani ine ndiri ndi chikwama, ndipo amayi anga ndi abambo sali?".
Oyambirira? Ndiyambirira. Ndiyambirira!
M'dziko lathu, monga m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazo, zosankha zinaperekedwa ku njira yoyamba - yotchedwa koyambirira. Izi zinali zomveka: panalibe ma diapers, makina osambitsanso, komanso amayi anga anali ndi chidwi chophunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mchere mwamsanga. Zilibe chinsinsi chifukwa, mosiyana ndi dziko lonse lapansi, ife nthawi zambiri timatsatira njirayi? Nchifukwa chiyani njira yosavuta yowonjezeramo mphika (pamene ikuchitika mwanthawi yake komanso popanda kuumirizidwa) imayambitsa maganizo ambiri ndi kutsutsana kwakukulu. Mwinamwake, chifukwa agogo athu aakazi ndi amai, omwe panthawi ina anali atapindula ndi chitukuko chopindulitsa chotero cha chitukuko monga maulendo ndi makina otsuka, akupitiriza kuona kuti izi ndi zolondola. Ndipo malingaliro otani a ena pamene akupezeka kuti pa mwana wanu, omwe_wawopsya! - chaka chokwanira kale, akadali atavala chotupa chosawonongeka. Ndipo tsopano mayi wamng'onoyo akuyamba kukayikira yekha ndipo akubweretsa "nkhondo yeniyeni yophikira."
Koma ichi ndi chimodzimodzi choipa. Musandikhulupirire? Onani bukhuli, lofalitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, buku la Gessel la "Child Development mental," limene sukulu ya maphunziro a potty inayamba, malingana ndi zochitika za thupi la kukula kwa ana, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Gessel, omwe anaphunzitsidwa kuti mphika umayambiriro, ndipo yachiwiri - pambuyo pa miyezi 15-18, kusukulu koyambirira ku mphika sikubweretsa zotsatira zabwino. Amayi omwe amamvetsera kwambiri adakali aang'ono sankatsogolera luso lokhazikika, ndipo atakalamba Zinali zophweka komanso zopanda khama, choncho amafunsidwa, ndiye bwanji mukudzizunza nokha ndi mwanayo? "Benjamin Spock, yemwe adayamba kufotokozera kuti mwanayo ali wokonzeka kuti adziwe luso limeneli, adalimbikitsa kuti athandizidwe kuchoka pa maphunziro a sayansi, komanso kuti makolo asapite mwamsanga. .
Ndibwino kuti mukuwerenga
Maphunziro a kuphunzitsa ana kwa mphika ankachitika pafupifupi zaka zonse zapitazi, ndipo zonsezi zinapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono njira zoyambirira za kumadzulo zithera bwino, ndipo zaka zomwe ana adayamba kuphunzira nzeru izi zinasintha miyezi 7 mpaka 20. Pa nthawi yomweyi, chofunikira, maganizo a makolo pa nkhaniyi asintha - mlingo wawo wothandizira mu ndondomeko yachepetsedwa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, amayi ndi abambo anasiya kudandaula za momwe chiyanjano cha mwana ndi mphika chikukula. Pakali pano, kumadzulo, malo ophunzirira okha amapita kwa nthawi yaitali pakati pa miyezi 18 ndi 36, ndipo zimadalira m'mene makolo amachitira zimenezi. Winawake, ndipo mu chaka ndi theka zikuwoneka kuti ndi nthawi, 3 mwakachetechete amatanthawuza kuti mwanayo nthawi zonse amakhala mukhokwe. Mwachitsanzo, zinawululidwa kuti zokhazikika pamphika sizongogwirizana kokha ndi dziko lokhalamo komanso phindu la banja, komanso -zimayi akugwira ntchito kapena akugwira ntchito. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati mkazi amagwira ntchito, iye amayamba kumudziwa mwanayo ku mphika chifukwa zimakhala zofuna kuti adzilamulire yekha mwamsanga. Mwina timaganiza kuti njirayi ndi yodabwitsa, koma imangonena kuti palibe choopsa kwambiri pakusamalidwa kuchokera kumayambiriro a sukulu kupita ku mphika. M'malo mwake, mwanayo amakhala chete, ndipo amayi samadzipweteka kwambiri, ndipo maphunziro amayamba kuchokera pa miyezi 18, pamene zizindikiro zonse za kukonzekera kwa mwana kuti adziwe luso limeneli zimawoneka (kuthekera kuyang'anitsitsa ntchito ya m'matumbo, kukhoza kufotokoza zolakalaka za mnzanu, mwachitsanzo, funsani mphika, chilakolako chochita "chachikulu.") Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mwanayo ali wokonzeka, saganizira kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano, ndipo amayamba kuchita pang'onopang'ono popanda kutsutsidwa kwa akuluakulu.
Ndipo ndizofunikirabe
Tsopano, zikuwoneka, ngati chirichonse chiri zamatsenga ndi zophweka, bwanji osayima ngakhale kudandaula za izo? Mukuganiza, sipadzakhala mwana woti azigwiritsa ntchito mphika ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Turkey komweko, amayamba kuphunzitsa ana kuti azidzipereka pazaka 22-28, komanso ku Sweden ndi Holland - panthawi ya 32-37, ndipo palibe, palibe wina amene wasintha.
Inde, kudandaula, ndithudi, sikuli koyenera. Koma siyeneranso kuti zinthu ziziyenda okha. M'zinthu zonse ndikofunikira kumamatira kumvetsetsa. Momwemonso, maganizo "aulesi" ku sayansi yazitsamba amachititsa kuti mwana asakhalenso ndi luso loyenera, kapena kuti zaka zitatu kapena kupitilira, sakudziwa chifukwa chake ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphika ngati asanakhalepo bwino ndi zochitika zake. mothandizidwa ndi chiwongolero ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku zinthu izi. Choncho, madokotala a ana amanena kuti mochedwa mofulumira ku mphika kungayambitse mwanayo (monga kukana ali wamng'ono), kutsutsa kukana mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito mphika ndi chimbudzi, makamaka ngati tigwiritsira ntchito mau awa pazochitika zathu, sizikudziwika bwino kuti, ngati choncho, kupereka mwanayo ku sukulu, ngati pali chofunikira kuti mwanayo abwere kwa iwo kale ali ndi luso lapadera lodzipangira yekha (angayende pamphika) .
Kukambirana mwachidule zonsezi , tidzatsimikizira kuti golidi amatanthauza njira yabwino kwambiri.
Kuphunzitsa koyambirira kwa mwana kumphika - kawirikawiri kumapereka zotsatira ndipo kumapereka mavuto ambiri kwa amayi ndi mwana.
Kuchedwa kwambiri - kumapangitsa kuti makolo asaphonye nthawi yeniyeni yophunzirira poto, ndipo pambuyo pake - njira yodziwira luso la woumbayo ikuperewera ndi mavuto. Ganizirani za chitukuko cha mwana wanu, mvetserani mwatcheru ngati ali okonzekera "sayansi ya munthu wamkulu." Ndipo mwamsanga mukangowonongeka izi (pafupifupi, zikwi zanyumba ndi hafu), pang'onopang'ono ndi unobtrusively ayambe kuphunzitsa.