Aliyense amadziwa kuti chovala chirichonse pa zovala chimawononga chokopa chonse cha zovala, koma sikuti aliyense akudziwa kuchotsa izi kapena malo ovuta pa zovala. Ndi chinthu chimodzi chotsuka pamakina opanga kapena pamanja, koma musachotse banga, mosiyana, pamene mukudziwa njira zowonongeka komanso njira zochotsera mawanga ovuta. M'nkhani ino, tikukuuzani momwe mungachotsere madontho kuchokera mkaka, ayisikiliki, chokoleti, khofi, tiyi komanso momwe mungachotsere madontho kuchokera ku magazi, inki ndi thukuta.
Dontho la mkaka ndi mankhwala ena omwe ali ndi mapuloteni ayenera kutsukidwa nthawi yomweyo m'madzi ofunda. Muyenera kudziwa kuti kudetsa ndi madontho a madzi otentha kuchokera kuzinthu zopangidwa ndi mapuloteni sikunakakamizidwa! Apo ayi, mapuloteni akhoza kuswedwa, ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kuchotsa malowo.
Ngati zovala zowonongeka kapena nsalu ya tebulo ndi zazikulu kwambiri, chinthu ichi chiyenera kumizidwa m'madzi ofunda, momwe chimathetsera sopo. Pambuyo pa njirayi, minofu iyenera kuchapidwa m'madzi otentha kapena ozizira.
Pa mawanga achikuda, mawanga omwe ali ndi mapuloteni ambiri amadziwika motere: Tengani supuni ziwiri za glycerin, supuni ziwiri za madzi, zonsezi ndi zosakaniza ndikuwonjezera madontho pang'ono a ammonia. Zimatulutsa kusakaniza ndipo kale kusakaniza uku kumafuna kuthira udzu. Kenaka tenga nsalu ya thonje, yikani m'magawo awiri ndikuyika zinthuzo ndi tsatanetsatane pakati pa zigawozi, kenako zitsulo ndi chitsulo choyaka.
Ubweya waubweya wa mphindi khumi mpaka khumi ndi zisanu, ndikofunikira kuika glycerin, yomwe imayikidwa madigiri makumi atatu ndi asanu. Ndiye m'pofunika kusamba glycerin ndi sopo m'madzi ofunda ndi kutsuka ndi madzi ozizira.
Kuwonjezera pa njira zowonjezerazi ndi njira zothetsera mabala a mkaka, palinso njira ina: tenga sopo wa mafuta ndi kuwasakaniza mwakuya, ndiye kuti uyenera kuupaka ndi madzi otentha, perekani pang'ono, kenaka pukutani, ndiye tsambani madzi otentha kapena ozizira.
Ngati tsabola ya chokoleti yatsopano, imachotsedwa ndi njira yothetsera ammonia. Muzochitika zina, mukhoza kutulutsa chokoleti chokoleti mu madzi amchere kwambiri. Zikakhala kuti tsaya yochokera ku chokoleti sinayambe yatsopano, imatuluka ndi hydrogen peroxide. Pachifukwachi, m'pofunika kuyika minofuyi ndi kuigona kwa mphindi pafupifupi khumi kapena khumi ndi zisanu, ndiye nkofunika kuti muzimutsuka m'madzi ozizira.
Dontho kapena khofi kuchokera ku tiyi wamphamvu kwambiri amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito burashi, yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi madzi ofunda. Pambuyo pa njirayi ndi burashi, minofu yonse iyenera kutsukidwa mu sopo yowonjezera, yomwe imachitidwa motere: hafu ya supuni ya supuni ndi soda ya calcined imasakanizidwa ndi madzi a sopo ndikuwonjezera madontho ochepa a ammonia. Ndiye muyenera kutsuka kawiri madzi ozizira kapena ofunda, ndiye tsambani madzi ozizira. Powonjezera, madzi ozizira angakhale acidified pang'ono ndi vinyo wosasa.
Ngati udzuwo uli watsopano komanso sunapangidwe, umatha kupukutidwa mofulumira ndi burashi loviikidwa m'madzi otentha, kenaka mutenge chinthu kapena chidutswa cha nsalu m'thumba lachizolowezi.
Pakadutsa kuti tizilombo ta tiyi kapena khofi tichotsedwe ku nsalu iliyonse, tenga glycerin, tinyenthedwe, ndiyeno tinyani tsinde. Siyani kwa maminiti khumi mpaka khumi ndi asanu. Ndiye muyenera kutsuka chinthucho mumadzi ofunda ndikuchiwotcha ndi thaulo.
Ngati tsinde la tiyi kapena khofi lili mwatsopano, muli ndi nsalu yowonjezera, mutha kuzipeza ndi chotsatirachi: Tengani ammonia ndikusakaniza ndi glycerin, kenaka lekani kusakaniza ndi osakaniza ndikuzisiya kwa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu ndikutsuka m'madzi otentha ndikutsuka m'madzi ozizira madzi.
Ngati khofi kapena tiyi yayamba kale, yikani njira yina motere: Tengani oxalic acid ndikuisakaniza ndi madzi (kuchuluka kwake: hafu ya supuni ya asidi pa chikho cha madzi). Kapena mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito yankho la hyposulfite (kuchuluka kwake kuyenera kukhala chimodzimodzi: kutenga supuni imodzi ya hyposulfite ndikutsuka theka la madzi). Pambuyo pa njira ziwiri izi, chinthu ichi chiyenera kutsukidwa bwino m'madzi ndi sopo yankho ndi madontho ochepa a ammonia, kenaka tsambani chinthucho muzizira kapena madzi ozizira.
Zingwe zamagazi ziyenera kutsukidwa m'madzi ozizira, ndiyeno mu madzi a sopo. Musanayambe kusamba chinthu ichi ndi mawanga, amathira madzi awiri kapena atatu. Palinso njira ndi njira zochotsera mawanga ovuta pa zovala: kutenga masamba a tiyi atatu kapena anai ndi soda ndi kusakaniza supuni ziwiri za ammonia. Kenaka sitsani zosakaniza ndi izi osakaniza. Pambuyo pa njirayi, tsinde losungunuka ndi hydrogen peroxide. Ndipo pokhapokha amatsuka zonse ndi madzi ofunda.
Mawanga achikulire omwe amawoneka kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri kuthetsa, ndipamene vuto lalikulu kwambiri limayamba. Ngakhale izo zingathetsedwe. Choyamba, tsamba liyenera kupukutidwa ndi yankho la ammonia, lomwe lachitidwa motere: chepuni imodzi ya ammonia imatengedwa ndi kusakaniza ndi madzi; kenaka pangani yankho la borax, lomwe lapangidwa motere: supuni imodzi ya borax imatengedwa ndikusakaniza ndi madzi amodzi. Pambuyo pa njira zonsezi, chinthu ichi chichotsedwa ndi madzi ofunda.
Kuchokera ku mankhwala a silika ndi zida zina zochepa, madontho a magazi amachotsedwa nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito wowuma wa mbatata, omwe amayamba kusakanikirana ndi mchere wambiri, wofanana ndi mtanda m'madzi ozizira. Zotsatira zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku banga ndi kuyembekezera "mtanda" kuti uume. Pambuyo poyanika wowuma, ayenera kugwedezeka, kenaka musambe mkaka wa silika wotentha, ndiyeno mumadzi ozizira kapena ozizira.
Kuchokera padontho lakuda, yankho la hydrosulfite lingathandize (sungunulani motere: Tengani theka la supuni ya supuni ya hydrosulfite ndi kuwonjezera pa kapu ya madzi, kenaka silinganizani ndi kupeza yankho lolondola). Pambuyo pa njirayi ndi yankho la hydrosulfite, chinthucho chiyenera kutsukidwa m'madzi otentha. Kuchokera ku zinthu za silika kapena mapepala, thukuta zimachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osakaniza a ammonia, omwe amasakaniza mofanana ndi methylated spirit. Ngati nkofunika kuchotsa banga kuchokera thukuta kuchokera ku mankhwalawa, ndikofunikira kuti mudye madziwo mumadzi amchere ndikuchotsa madontho. Ngati, ngati njirayi sinawathandize, iwo amaipaka ndi mowa. Aliyense ayenera kuzindikira kuti matayala omwe amawopsya akhoza kuchotsedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera ammonia, yomwe yachitidwa motere: supuni imodzi ya ammonia imatengedwa ndikusakaniza ndi madzi amodzi imodzi).
Kuwonjezera pa madontho kuchokera ku magazi ndi thukuta, iwo okha amavutika kuchotsa, nayonso, madontho kuchokera mu inki. Ndi nsalu yoyera, madontho a inki ndi ovuta kuchotsa, koma n'zotheka. Kuti muchite izi, chitani yankho lotsatira: Tengani supuni ya hydrogen peroxide (sponochaynuyu supuni) ndi ammonia (komanso supuni imodzi), sungunulani mu galasi ndi madzi ofunda. Pukutani njirayo ndi phula disc, kenaka yesani kwa vasyupnu. Pambuyo pa njirayi, chinthucho chiyenera kutsukidwa bwino m'madzi otentha. Zida zopangidwa ndi silika, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi inki, zimapulumutsidwa motere: msuzi wa musadu iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku mankhwalawo, ndipo imachoka kwa tsiku. Tsiku lotsatira, zouma zimachotsedwa ndi kutsukidwa ndi chinthu cha silika m'nyengo yozizira kapena madzi ozizira. Ngati udzu ukhala watsopano, m'pofunika kuchotsa chiputucho msanga ndi njira yothetsera ammonia, kenaka tsambulani mankhwalawa mumadzi ozizira kapena ozizira.