Zikomo akatswiri asayansi
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX, mmawa wa mayi aliyense wa nyumba (kapena kuphika) adayamba ndi pulogalamu yogulitsa zinthu zatsopano. Iwo amayenera kukonzekera ndi kudyedwa mwamsanga tsiku lomwelo, chabwino, poipa kwambiri - mawa. Zoona, panali glaciers ndi kosungira.
Pamene anthu akuganiza kuti chimfine chimathandiza kuti chakudya chikhale chatsopano, palibe amene akudziwa. Mwachiwonekere, poyamba, mapanga ozizira ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mmalo mwa malo osungira, ndipo mu ozizira maulendo - masoka a madzi ayezi. Kale ku China, Girisi ndi Rome, anthu adaganiza kuti akumba mabowo ndikuwapanga ndi ayezi kuchokera kumapiri. N'zoona kuti madzi otenthawa anali m'mabanja abwino. Ku India, mmalo mwa ayezi, njira yogwiritsira ntchito madzi: zombozo zinali zitakulungidwa mu nsalu yonyowa, chinyontho chinayambira ndipo chinakhazikika. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, pokhapokha ngati madzi akumwa, koma madzi ena, mwachitsanzo, ether kapena freon), chipangizo cha firiji yamakono chimachokera.
M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ayezi kunaiwalidwa, koma zinayamba kukulirakulira, zomwe zinalipo zothandiza kwambiri. Makamaka, zinadziwika kuti nitrate (potaziyamu nitrate, "mchere wa Chinese", wotumizidwa ndi Arabi ku Ulaya kuzungulira 1200 ndipo mwamsanga unayamba kukonda kwambiri alchemists) umasungunuka m'madzi ndipo imatenga kutentha, ndiko kuti, madzi amatha kutentha. Chodabwitsa ichi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka pano - mu makina othandizira othandizira oyamba omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi phukusi losindikizidwa ndi madzi, momwe ampoule ndi ammonium nitrate amayandama. Ndikwanira kugunda bondo ndi paketi ndikuphwanya buloule, kuti phukusi lizizizira ndi madigiri 15. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku zovulaza kapena zilonda mmalo mwa ayezi.
M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zitatu, mothandizidwa ndi saltpetre, zakumwa zinakhazikika ndipo chipatso chamaluwa chinapangidwira (chimene, monga chirichonse chatsopano, chinali kukumbukira kanthawi wakale - mumzinda wakale wa Rome, abambo ankakonda madzi a chipatso cha mazira). Mu 1748, William Cullen, pulofesa wa zamankhwala ku yunivesite ya Glasgow, anapanga teknoloji yowonongeka mozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito ether: m'chipinda chimodzi chotsamo chinapangidwira kumene ether inali kutentha ndi kutuluka m'madzi, itayatsa chipindacho, kenako mpweya unalowa m'chipinda china momwe iwo ankasungira ndi kutentha kutentha malo, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko adabweranso m'chipinda choyamba. Zinakhala ngati zotsekedwa - pa mfundo yomweyi yakhazikitsidwa tsopano ntchito ya firiji iliyonse.
Koma ndi ayezi kwa ndani?
Woyamba firiji, kapena firiji, anawonekera ku United States kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndipo anali wodzichepetsa. Thomas Moore, injiniya ndi wogulitsa buledi wa nthawi yochepa, anabwera ndi njira yotengera mafuta kuchokera ku Maryland kupita ku Washington - mumabokosi okhala ndi makoma atatu: zitsulo zamitengo, zikopa za kalulu ndi nkhuni. M'kati muli zipinda ziwiri: mafuta ndi ayezi. Moore anapatsa dzina lopangidwa ndi dzina lake, ndipo pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, "refrigerators" (m'malo mwa zikopa za kalulu - mapepala, mapepala, ndowe) anawonekera m'mapulasi a ku America ndi ku Ulaya. Pasanapite nthawi, ku United States, panalibe malo ambiri osungiramo katundu omwe sankakololedwa m'nyengo yozizira. M'nyengo yotentha, ogulitsa ayezi ankasungira m'zipinda zapadera, ndipo ogulitsira ayezi anali kugulitsa icemen. Kukonzekera kwa ayezi kunakula mofulumira, ndipo mbali yaikulu ya anthu ochoka ku Russia ochokera ku Alaska. Kwa zaka zitatu mu msika uwu kampani ya Russia ndi America yapeza ndalama zoposa golidi, kuti ipangidwe.
Mu 1844, dokotala wina wa ku America dzina lake John Gori anapanga maofesiwa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa Cullen ndipo anagwira ntchito pamlengalenga. Anapanga chipale chofewa kuchipatala ku Florida, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, anatumikira mpweya woziziritsa kukhomo - inde, inali yoyamba mpweya. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mliri wa typhus unadutsa ku US ndi Europe, chifukwa cha madzi oundana ndi madzi owonongeka. Panthawi imeneyo, makampaniwa anadula mitsinje, kotero kuti funso loyera la ayezi linasanduka zamatsenga. Zonse mu New ndi mu Dziko Lakale, wojambula mmodzi anapanga makina osakanikirana omwe apanga mazira omwe amapanga. Monga friji, ankagwiritsa ntchito ether, ammonia kapena sulfurous anhydride. Mukhoza kulingalira kuti kununkhira kwakukulu kumafalikira pa firiji. Ngakhale zili choncho, makina opanga phokoso amalembedwa bwino m'mafakitale a brewing komanso m'mafakitale kuti apange ayezi. Ndipo choti musankhe firiji ya nyumba - chisankho cha munthu aliyense payekha.
Freon ndi Greenpeace
Mu 1910, General Electric anatulutsa yoyamba friji unit - chosakaniza makina a ayezi, zomwe zinachititsa ayezi. Zinalipira madola 1,000, motengera mtengo wa Ford. Galimoto yomwe inali mu console inali yaikulu moti nthawi zambiri inali pansi ndipo inali yogwirizana ndi "ayezi bokosi". M'chaka cha 1927, olemba magetsi a General Electric, otsogoleredwa ndi katswiri wa Denmark, Christian Steenstrup, adapanga firiji weniweni, mbali zonse zomwe zimalowa m'bwalo laling'ono, ndipo anazipereka ndi thermoregulator, yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono mpaka pano. Pasanapite nthawi, Thomas Mead-gley, yemwe ndi katswiri wa zamakina wa ku America, ananena kuti m'malo mwake, m'malo mwa nthunzi, madzi amatha kutulutsa ammonia. Pa kuwonetsedwa kwa Freon, Mead-glay anawonetsa izi mwanjira yodabwitsa kwambiri: iye anakhudza nthunzi za Freon ndipo anatulutsa kandulo yotentha. Palibe yemwe ankadziwa kuti freon amawononga mpweya wa ozoni wa dziko mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, pamene Greenpeace inkawonetsera maulendo ambiri, ndipo pomalizira pake, anakakamiza olemba kuti asiye freon pofuna kutsegula mpweya wabwino.
Mu 1933 ku United States, amayi pafupifupi 6 miliyoni amanyada kudya kunyumba "firiji" ya General Motors. Ku England kunali mafiriji okwana 100,000, ku Germany - 30,000, mu USSR omwe amatha kuwerenga za zodabwitsa zotere m'bukuli ("Anasonyeza firiji yamagetsi yomwe sikuti imafuna kuti ayezi, koma ayi, idakonzedwa bwino zida zowonongeka zoyera, zofanana ndi zojambulazo: pakhomo panali zipinda za nyama, mkaka, nsomba, mazira ndi zipatso. "Ilf ndi Petrov," America imodzi ", 1937).
Inde, ku Soviet Union, nayenso, anagwira ntchito kuti apange zipangizo zothandizira moyo wa antchito. Kuchokera mu 1933, chomera cha Moshim-trust chinabala mafakitale omwe amafunika kudzazidwa ndi ayezi owuma. Iwo amawononga kwambiri, nthawi zambiri ankasweka, kotero People's Commissar ya Food Industry Anastas Mikoyan nthawi zonse anakonza ojambula pa nyengo. Malo okha omwe magalasi oyandikana nawo mafiriji omwe ankagwira ntchito mosadodometsedwa mumzindawu anali wotchuka "Cocktail Hall" ku Gorky Street, apo ayisikilimu anapangidwa pa zipangizo za America.
Pofika mu 1939, kunali kotheka kugula, kapena kuba m'madera a Kumadzulo zojambula za chipangizo chatsopano (osagwira ntchito pa freon, koma pa sulfureous anhydride) ndikuyamba kupanga firiji kaya KhTZ-120 ku Kharkov Tractor Plant. Koma nkhondo inayamba, ndipo sizinali choncho. Gulu la Soviet freon friji "ZIL" linayikidwa mu zochitika zazikulu mu March 1951. M'chaka chomwechi anayamba kubala "Saratov". Koma mafirijiwa adapezeka makamaka m'ma 60s. Iwo anali odalirika, koma otsika kwa Kumadzulo mu ntchito ndi mosavuta. Makamaka firijiyi inali pamimba mwa firiji. Kumbukirani: chitseko cha aluminiyumu, drifts osatha wa chisanu mkati? Aliyense amakumbukira izi, yemwe nthawi ina anadzifunsa yekha funso loti asankhe firiji panyumbamo. Ku United States, kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1939, General Electric yemweyo anayambitsa firiji, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1950 Palibe chida cha chisanu chomwe chinapangidwa, chomwe chimapereka kupatula popanda kutaya nthawi zonse.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwanzeru
Kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo, ungwiro wa firiji umayenda m'njira ya kukongola, mosavuta komanso pamtunda. Mwachitsanzo, Samsung Electronics posachedwapa inayambitsa mndandanda watsopano wa Smart Touch - ndi kuyatsa kwa kunja (izi ndizosavuta ngati mutadzipukuta kutali ndi kompyuta yanu usiku kuti muzitsitsimutsa thupi lanu lokhazika mtima pansi). zonse zomwe zimafunikira, kuphatikizapo kuwala ku khitchini). Okonzekera akuwoneka kuti aganiza mwazithu zonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito: chipinda chokonzekera cha chipinda chozizira chimapangidwira pamsinkhu wa magalimoto - n'zosavuta kutseguka, ngakhale kutenga phukusi lolemera ndi mankhwala. Masalimo opangika, okonzedwa m'malo atatu, amakulowetsani ku chipinda chokhala ndi keke yaikulu kapena chakudya china chachikulu. Pansi pa chitseko pali alumali lapadera la zinthu za ana - ana adzasangalala, kutenga kanyumba kake ndi madzi m'mawa.
Zikuwoneka kuti cholinga chachikulu cha opanga makina opanga mafakitale ndi opatsa chisangalalo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru kuli kokongola ngati mulungu: Kuunikira kofiira kumaphatikizirapo kumbuyo kwa galasi lakuda pamwamba (zowonjezera, koma zosasangalatsa kwambiri - "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri"). Ngati mwamunayo sali ndi mfundo zokwanira kuti apange chisankho, ayenera kutsimikiziridwa motere, mwachitsanzo, tsatanetsatane: khoma lakumbuyo la firiji liri lopanda pake - izi zimapangitsa kukonza kwake, komanso kuwonjezera apo, fumbi silinapeze, ndipo limatanthauza (kuti mwamunayo amadziwa) Musayambe kuyendetsa galimoto.
Zitsanzo ziwiri - RL55VTEMR ndi RL55VTEBG - zili ndi chinsalu chothandizira, chomwe chimakulolani kuti muyang'anire ntchito zonse za unityo pokhapokha. Ngakhale pawindo ili mukhoza kulemba manotsi kwa mwamuna wanu: "Wokondedwa, usayiwale, tili ndi alendo lero. Ngati mukuiwala, ndipo maonekedwe awo sudzayembekezereka kwa inu, mungagwiritse ntchito dipatimenti ya Cool Select Zone - champagne ikhoza kuziziritsa kasanu ndi kawiri mofulumira kuposa firiji yathu yakale! "
Pamene opanga amasamala za ife, ife, ogwiritsa ntchito, timathandizanso kuti tizisintha firiji. Mwachitsanzo, John Cornwell, wazaka 22, ataphatikizidwa ndi firiji, amatha kuponya mowa wodula mowa kuti asadzutse pa bedi. Chinthu chovuta kwambiri ndicho kuphunzira nthawi, kugwira mabanki, koma woyambitsa amatitsimikizira kuti izi ndizo luso.