Mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, pa gome la chakudya chamadzulo, nthawi zambiri pali makapu ndi mbale zomwe sizigwirizana ndi mtundu ndi kukula kwake. Koma pamene alendo amabwera kwa ife, ndikufuna kupeza utumiki wa banja kuchokera ku mabini, momwe zinthu zonse zili mu ndondomeko yomweyo. Ndiyeno chakudya chozolowezi chimasanduka phwando lokongola.
Mbiri ya kutumikira tebulo la zikondwerero kuyambira kale mpaka masiku athu limayambira zaka 2000 zapitazo. M'zaka zamakono, anthu a ku China anayamba kupanga maphala. Iwo ankakonda kudya zakudya zokondweretsa, ankagwiritsa ntchito mbale zonyezimira zosakanikirana, zokongoletsedwa ndi zojambula zatsopano kapena zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo pamene mukupaka tiyi kuchokera ku makapu osalimba. Kwa nthawi yaitali ankasunga mosamalitsa zinsinsi zamatsenga za china. Kale ku Egypt ndi Mesopotamia panalinso ndi lingaliro lopanga zinthu zowonjezera zowonjezera. Koma iwo, mwinamwake, amakumbutsa kukhulupirika kwamakono. Kuti apange, zipangizo zomwezo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipangizo zamakono, komanso zipangizo zamakono. Kusiyanitsa kunali kokha mu chiŵerengero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu.
Ku Ulaya, chinsinsi chakum'mawa kwa nthawi yaitali palibe aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi. Zakudyazo zinali zopangidwa ndi dongo, nkhuni, zitsulo. Mu Middle Ages, anthu wamba ankagawana mbale zowonjezera, zomwe banja lonse linkadya. Nthawi zina kuyika kwa mbale - ngakhale olemera - kunkapangira magawo akulu a mkate. Nthawi zambiri amaika chakudya chokwanira ndi zidutswa za nyama. Koma m'zaka zaposachedwapa ku nyumba zakhazikika, zinali zotheka kuona mbale pa matebulo. Kukula kwambiri komanso kupanga makina ojambula bwino kwambiri. Anayesedwa kwambiri ndi Ataliyana, owuziridwa ndi ntchito za ambuye a Moor, amene anaphimba zinthu za ceramic ndi tini glaze.
Ndipo m'kati mwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi 1800, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa nyanja zatsopano, zakumwa zozizwitsa zinawonekera ku Ulaya: tiyi, khofi, kakale. Ankafunika ziwiya zapadera: makapu okongola, saucers ndi teapots. Amalonda ankangotenga phala lamtengo wapatali kuchokera kumayiko akummawa ndipo anagulitsa ku Ulaya chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri. Odziwitsa za kukongola anazindikira mwamsanga momwe zinalili zokondweretsa chakudya chamakono kuchokera kuzinthuzi. Ndipo, potsiriza, iwo ankafuna kuti azichita izo okha.
Pamene Wosankhidwa wa Saxony Augustus Strong adayitanidwa kuti akam'tumikire katswiri wa zamagetsi Johann Betger. Wopatsa mankhwalayu analonjeza kutsegula njira yopangira golide. Katswiri wa zamapiri sanaphunzire kuchotsa chitsulo ichi. Koma, motsatira chitsanzo cha Chitchaina, iye anabwera ndi chophimba chopanga kansalu kuchokera ku kaolin. Kaolin ndi dongo loyera la pulasitiki, limene linawonjezeredwa ndi feldspar ndi mica yoyera, komanso quartz kapena mchenga.
Ndiyenera kunena kuti mapepala akummawa anali osapindulitsa kuposa golidi. August Strong mwamsanga anazindikira kuti phindu limeneli linaperekedwa. Ndipo mu 1710 analamula kuti amange pansi pa fakitale ya Dresden Meissen, yomwe posakhalitsa inatchuka. Poyamba, ojambula a Saxon ankajambula zinthu mumasewera akumidzi. Koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kukongoletsa ndi zokongoletsera zosiyana ndi zithunzi - masewera, masewera osaka ndi zokongola zina. Zofunikazi ndizofunika kwambiri! Koma zofuna zawo zinali zazikulu. Otsatsa olemera, kuphatikizapo mafumu ochokera ku Ulaya konse, sanalamulire zinthu zokhazokha, koma zimakhala zokwanira kwa anthu ambiri. Zipinda zodyeramo zosiyanasiyana, tiyi, khofi. Kotero panali mwambo wogwiritsira matebulo mofanana. Mwa njira, ku Russia kampani yaikulu yaikulu ya Meissen yachitsulo inasonkhanitsidwa ndi Count Sheremetev. Mungathe kuziwonabe mu Museum of Ceramics ku Nyumba ya Kuskovo.
Ku France, pakadali pano, mayeserowa anali odzaza. Kuyambira cha m'ma 1700, Saint Porscher adalongosola momwe angapangire mantha, kutsanzira zitsulo za ku Italy. Kwenikweni, kuopa kwake kwa French kwa iye ndi kuyenerera ndi dzina la mzinda wa Faenza ku Italy. Koma pazokwaniritsa izi amisiri a m'midzi sanasiye. Ndipo chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso ndi mchenga, saltpetre, soda ndi gypsum mu 1738, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zofewa zowonjezera zinapezeka. Kuwongolera mkati mwake kunalibe kopanda, kotero kwawonekera kwambiri "moonekera", kuposa kulimba, osati woyera woyera, ndi zonona. Products Sevres manufactory (mwachindunji, mumzinda wa Sevres) adapambana mpikisano ndi Chinese ndi Saxon. Ndipo osati chifukwa cha khalidwe lake, komanso chifukwa cha kamangidwe kake kodabwitsa. Masters achifalansa amapanga mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu. Mwachitsanzo, mbale ikhoza kufanana ndi tsamba la mphesa. Saucema - vwende. Chokuta shuga - kolifulawa. Teti ndi chinanazi!
M'zaka za m'ma XVI-XVII. Zomwe zinapindulitsa popanga faience zinapanga Dutch. Makina opanga ku Delft anapanga zakudya zambiri zotsika mtengo. Ndipo pang'onopang'ono zitsambazi zinayamba kutchuka ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri. Komabe, ziribe kanthu mtengo wotsika poyerekeza ndi mapepala ake, zopempha zawo sizinachepetse. Ndipotu, amasonyeza ubwino ndi malo apamwamba a eni ake. Zojambula zopangidwa kuchokera kuzipinda zinawonekera ku Ulaya wina ndi mzake. Russia sanagumire kuseri kwa azungu a ku Western. Kuyambira mu 1746, katswiri wamasayansi Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov anapeza luso lapamwamba kwambiri. Mzinda wa Lomonosov wa Pulayi, womwe unakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la Mkazi Elizabeth Petrovna, wapambana mpikisano woyenera wa malonda a ku Ulaya. Asanayambe kusintha, adali mu chuma chaufumu ndipo makamaka analikulira pansi pa Catherine Wamkulu. Anapereka mowolowa manja kuika zikondwerero, ndipo ena mwa iwo anawerengera zinthu chikwi! Ndipo m'nthawi ya XIX panali zomera zing'onozing'ono - makamaka ku dera la Gzhel.
Pakatikati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, mbale ya mbale pa matebulo a nyumba zakulemera ku Ulaya ikukula mpaka kumapeto. Pambuyo pa mlendo aliyense pa nsalu ya tebulo, pali, monga momwe zimakhalira, mipando yambiri yopangira zakudya, choyamba, chachiwiri, saladi, mchere, zipatso. Izi sizikuwerengera mitundu yonse ya zitini za mafuta, zopanikizana, mitsuko ya shuga, milkmaids, makapu, mbale za zipatso, madengu a maswiti.
Zikuwoneka kuti palibe chinthu china choyambitsa ... zonse zakonzedwa kale! Koma ngakhale masiku ano ntchito ikupitirizabe kusintha. Kwenikweni, chifukwa cha restaurateurs, omwe amafuna kupereka chakudya cha akhungu awo mopindulitsa. Anayambitsa zomwe amatchedwa assiette de presentation - mbale yaikulu "yotumikira", yokhala ndi mapepala okongola, omwe ali ndi mbale yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Odyera chakudya amatsindiranso lingaliro lakuti zinthu zonse ziyenera kukhala "zokhoma", zosungidwa mosavuta. Ngati ali ophatikizana kwambiri, ndiye kuti palibenso mwayi wowaphwanya pamene mutanyamula mapiri a mbale m'manja mwanu. Ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, ojambula otchuka kwambiri nthawi zambiri amayesetsa pa maonekedwe a misonkhano yamakono. Ndipotu, ngakhale mbale zomwe zimadziwika bwino sizingakhale chabe chidebe cha zakudya ndi zakumwa, komanso chinthu chojambulajambula! Nkhaniyi yomwe ili ndi ndondomekoyi inali ngati kukumbukira kuti ngakhale chakudya chokoma kwambiri chimakhala chokoma kwambiri ngati tebulo ili yokongoletsedwa ndi mbale zabwino.
Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo ntchito yomwe yakhala yovuta kwambiri yatifikira:
- "Kutumikira ndi mtundu wobiriwira", wopangidwa ndi anthu 50 ndipo uli ndi zinthu 994. Linapangidwa ndi mtambo wachingelezi wa Chingelezi Wedgwood wa Catherine Great ndipo tsopano umakhala ku Hermitage, ku St. Petersburg. Zonsezi zimakongoletsedwa ndi malo osiyanasiyana, kotero kuti mfumukazi ndi abusa ake amakomera nkhalango, minda ndi nyumba zachifumu za ku England. Mwa njira, kukongola konseku kwapulumuka pazirombo ziwiri: mu 1917 ndi 1945.
- Kendler ya "Swan Swan" inapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 18 ku Meissen Manufactory ndipo idapangidwa ndi zinthu 2200 zapulasitiki. Zimakongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi zotsitsimutsa za mitundu yonse ya zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala m'madzi.
- "Ntchito ya Mfumukazi Victoria", yokonzedwanso ndi manufactory Herend, inatchulidwa ndi Mfumukazi ya ku Britain. Kuyambira mu 1851 Padziko lonse lapansi, iye anakondwera ndi zojambula zake zosavuta.
- Malo otchuka kwambiri a zida za ku Russia - "Guryevsky" ("Russian") - anapangidwa pachiyambi cha zaka za XIX. Tsopano ambiri mwa iwo amasungidwa ku Peterhof. Amatchulidwa kuti makutu a DA. Guryeva, amene ntchito yake ya utsogoleri inali kuchitika. Utumiki ukukongoletsedwera ndi mawonedwe opangidwa molingana ndi zojambula ndi zilembo zoonetsa maonekedwe ndi miyambo ya anthu a ku Russia. Ndiponso analanda malingaliro a mizinda yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yonse ya maonekedwe.