Kuwonjezera apo, mumzinda uliwonse, m'madera onse ali ndi masiku osakumbukika. Ndipo ngati muwonjezera pa maphwando onse achipembedzo, ozikika mu Buddhism kapena Shintoism (chipembedzo cha dziko la Japan), ndiye mwezi uliwonse pachaka mukhala ndi nthawi khumi ndi ziwiri zokondwerera kuvala ndi kukonza phwando lalikulu la matsouri ku Japan. Ili ndilo tchuthi ku Japan la kufunika kulikonse.
Matsuri kupemphera
Zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizochitika ku Ulaya - zikondwerero kapena zovina, zomwe ovala amavala masks - zakhala zikuchitika ku Japan ndipo chikondwerero chachikulu cha maturi ku Japan chakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la maholide achipembedzo. Anthu a ku Japan amatsatira miyambo, ndipo mafilimu opangidwa kuti azitulutsa mizimu yoipa ikudziwika ku Japan kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1200, pamene adayambitsidwa mwambo wa kupembedza kwa Buddhist. Ndiye iwo amatchedwa "gaga-ku" ndipo amaimira gulu la ovina mu maski pansi pa nyimbo zosamva. Gawo loyenera la gagaku ndilo gawo lomaliza la mmodzi mwa ochita masewero a "mkango" (amakhulupirira kuti mkango ndi woopsa chabe). Kuphatikiza pa gagaku, chipangizo china chodziwika bwino chinali kudziwika, "bugaku", omwe ovala zovala zowala kwambiri ndi kumenyedwa mokweza mu masitala atatu. Gagaku ndi Bugaku ndiwo maziko omwe masewera achilengedwe a ku Japan adayambira, komabe malemba a maofesi akale a masewerowa adasungidwa kufikira lero lino ndipo amasinthidwa mosamala panthawi yachipembedzo.
Chinthu chinanso chofunikira cha Matsuri, chomwe chakhalapo mpaka lero, ndi "mikosi" - maguwa omwe amaperekedwa m'manja mwa zikondwerero za zikondwerero. Zimakhulupirira kuti maguwa oterowo pa nthawi ya tchuthi mzimu waumulungu wa kachisi umayenda, ndipo umapangidwa kunja kwa makoma a malo opembedza onse. Mikosi amapangidwa ndi nsungwi ndi pepala, zokongoletsedwa ndi mabelu ndi zingwe za silika. Kuphatikiza pa mikosi, mu phwando la phwando lingathe kutenga nawo mbali "dasi" - mapulatifomu apamtunda omwe amaika zifanizo za nyama zopatulika kapena zanthano, zithunzi za anthu amphamvu m'mbiri yaku Japan.
Oimba akuyenda pamapulatifomu omwewo. Ngakhale kuli kolemera kwa dasi (kungakhale kukula kwa nyumba ya nsanjika ziwiri), iwo amakankhidwa kapena kukokedwa ndi dzanja. Dacia ndi Mycosi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana angapo - malinga ndi mphamvu ya zinthu zomwe amapangidwa ndikwanira. Pakati pa maholide amatha kusokoneza ndi kusunga mosamala m'kachisi. Kutenga mikosi kapena kukoka dasi ndi ulemu kwa munthu aliyense wa ku Japan, ndipo amalowerera nawo maulendo, amavala ma kimoni kapena apadera ena.
Lero, palibe amene amalingalira mwakuya nthano zomwe zimayambitsa miyambo ina ndipo iwo sali nazo chidwi. Pakupita kwa Mykosi, adindo amanena zambiri za mtengo kapena msinkhu wa guwa la nsembe ndi zokongoletsera kusiyana ndi tanthauzo la phwandolo. Koma mwambo wokhawo umatsatiridwa mosamalitsa. Kwa ophunzira izi sizowonjezera zokondweretsa. Ku Japan, maubwenzi oyandikana nawo ndi olimba, kotero anthu okhalamo amakhala okondwa kugwiritsa ntchito mipata yolankhulana: amakongoletsa kachisi ndi nyumba zoyandikana ndi zibangula, kuyeretsa misewu, yomwe imanyamula guwa la nsembe, ndikuyika msika wa pafupi ndi kachisi komwe amagulitsa Zakudya Zowonongeka ndi zikondamoyo zopangidwa mogwirizana ndi maphikidwe apadera.
Matsuri akondwere
Masiku amasiku a anthu kapena zikondwerero zapadziko lapansi, a Japan amajambula nkhope zawo ndi kuvala zovala zamakono kapena zovala zina zapadera - mwachitsanzo, samurai wakale ndi geisha. Ngati mumakhulupirira zopezeka ku chigawo cha Tokyo, zokhazokha pano pachaka zimakonzedwa zikwi zambiri za maulendo a mumsewu, kotero kuti aliyense wokhalamo angathe kusankha chifukwa chokondweretsa. Koma pali masiku omwe dziko lonse likukondwerera. Imodzi mwa maholide ambiri - ndipo, mwangozi, yayandikira kwambiri pa nthawi ndi mzimu kwa ophunzira a European - Setsubun. Amakondwerera mu February, pamene kalendala ya mwezi ikutsatiridwa ndi kusintha kosinthika kwa nyengo yachisanu kwa kasupe.
Tanthauzo lopatulika la tchuthi likuphatikizapo lingaliro la imfa ndi chiwukitsiro chotsatira, ndi chiwonetsero cha umulungu wamuyaya wa yin-yang. Zimakhulupirira kuti panthawi ya kusintha kwa chilengedwe kuyambira m'nyengo yozizira mpaka masika, mphamvu za zoipa zimakhala zolimba kwambiri, ndipo miyambo yapadera iyenera kuchitidwa kuti iwathamangitse kutali ndi kwawo ndi okondedwa awo. Choncho, kuyambira kalekale mpaka lero, amayi akuponyera nyemba kuzungulira nyumba pa Setsubun usiku, akunena kuti: "Ziwanda - kutali, mwayi - m'nyumba!" Kamodzi nyemba zimayenera kunyamula ndi kudya: Banja lirilonse linadya zidutswa zambiri pamene adakalamba, kuphatikiza nyemba imodzi - mwa mwayi. Lero mwana wina amavala ngati mdierekezi, ndipo ana ena amakhala ndi nyemba zosangalatsa pa iye. M'kachisi lero, inunso, twazikanitsani nyemba - zokongoletsedwa mu pepala. Koma poyamba muzichita utumiki waumulungu.
Pambuyo pa mwambowu, amuna angapo amadziveka okha kukhala ziwanda komanso kutuluka m'kachisimo, kusakanikirana ndi khamulo. Amonke amatha kuwapeza ndi kuthamanga m'misewu ndi kulira. O-Bon, tsiku la akufa, amakondwereranso m'dziko lonselo. Amakhulupirira kuti pa chikondwerero chachikulu cha matsouri ku Japan, makolo amachezera nyumba zomwe ankakhala kale, ndipo amadalitsa achibale awo. M'kachisi achi Buddha, mwambo wapadera umachitika, kuphedwa. Pambuyo pake anthu amayatsa moto woyendayenda - okur-bi. Kawirikawiri, mmalo mwa moto, amayatsa nyali ndikuchilowetsa m'madzi. Pulogalamuyi ndi yotchuka kwambiri moti masiku ake ndi mwambo wopatsa ogwira ntchito kuti achoke kumanda a makolo awo. O-boon, ngakhale dzina losautsa, chikondwerero chokondwera ndi chosangalatsa. Pa nthawiyi amavalira ndipo amapatsana mphatso. Ndiponso kuvina kozungulira kumachitidwa, kumene onse oyandikana nawo amathandizira. Chigawochi ku Tochigi, mwambo umenewu unakula kukhala phwando lenileni la kuvina. Usiku wa 5 mpaka 6 August anthu zikwizikwi atavala kuvina kwa kimono pa malo amodzi a mzinda wa Nikko.
Koma maholide ambiri ndi "omangidwa" ku kachisi, mzinda kapena malo ena. Zambiri ndi zochititsa chidwi ndi Sannin Heret-zu Matsuri, kapena "Phwando la Anthu Ambiri." Amadziŵikanso kuti Tosegu Matsuri, omwe amatchedwa kachisi, kumene amakondwerera. Mu May 1617, gulu labwino kwambiri linapita ku kachisi uyu kukabwezeretsa thupi la shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, chaka ndi chaka maulendowa abwereranso mwatsopano, mwatsatanetsatane. Pa chikondwererochi, simungoyang'anitsitsa miyambo yakale, komanso kuona zida zenizeni, zida, zida zoimbira. Patapita nthaŵi, Toseg ndi holide yayikuru ya Matsuri ku Japan yakhala phwando lachikhalidwe: kuphatikizapo ndondomeko yambiri ya "ana a nyumba ya Tokugawa," iwo amapanga masewera a anthu ndi mpikisano. Tsiku loyamba la tchuthili limaperekedwa kukumbukira shogun. Pogwiritsa ntchito maulendo okhala ndi "bwalo" la shogun ndi ansembe, magalasi atatu a zitsulo amachokera m'malo opatulika a kachisi, momwe miyoyo itatu ya minda yaikulu - Minamoto Eritomo, To-iti Hideyoshi ndi Tokugawa Ieyasu ali ndi maonekedwe, ndipo akuyikidwa mu Kosi. Mikosi akutumizidwa ku kachisi wa Futaarasan, komwe angakhale mpaka tsiku lotsatira. Ndipo tsiku lotsatira liyamba "chikondwerero cha zikwi za anthu": gulu la khamu lalikulu lomwe likusonyeza anthu okhala ku Japan nthawi zamasiku ano. Mtsinjewu unaphatikizapo samurai, spearmen, mbali ya mapangidwe a shogun, osaka nyama omwe anali ndi zida zowonongeka (m'manja mwa fosholo anali zosangalatsa zomwe ankazikonda kwambiri).
Kuchokera ku mizimu yoyipa, mtsinje umatetezedwa ndi "mikango" (anthu ovala mikango ya mikango ndi manesitali aatali) komanso "nkhandwe" - monga nthano, mzimu wa nkhandwe imateteza kachisi wa Toseg. Ndiponso m'gululi muli anyamata khumi ndi awiri-maimuna, akuwonetsera zinyama zakuthambo. Kutsiriza kwa holide ndi maonekedwe a Mikosi. Pakatikati mwa mwezi wa Julai ku Kyoto kulibe tchuthi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Gion Matsuri nayenso amachokera m'mbiri. Mu 896, mzinda wa Kyoto unagwidwa ndi mliri, ndipo anthu adakonza pemphero limodzi kuti athe kuchiritsidwa. Panopa anthu pafupifupi miliyoni amadza ku Kyoto chaka chilichonse kuti akondweretse dzenje ndi hoko. Gombe ndi mtundu wa palanquins, omwe amanyamula pamapewa awo ndi anthu angapo. Ndipo hoko - ngolo zazikulu, zomwe zimasunthidwa ndi dzanja. Kutalika kwao kumafikira pansi.
Pamwamba kwambiri, oimba amakhala ndi kusewera nyimbo, zomwe otsogolera amapanga pa hoko. Pa ngolo yaikulu ndi mwana, akuwonetsera umulungu wa kachisi wa Yasak. Mtsinjewu uli ndi dzenje makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Zokongoletsedwa bwino - makamaka zowongoletsera zimagwiritsa ntchito nsalu. Kumapeto kwa mapulogalamu opangira zozizira amakonzedwa. Ndipo mu September ku Kamakura mungathe kuyang'ana mpikisano wochita mfuti. Pa September 16, Yabusame akuchitidwa pano, phwando lachikondwerero, pomwe oponya mivi akuwombera. Ndikofunika kugunda zolinga zitatu ndikupempha milungu kuti ikhale yokolola komanso kuti akhale ndi mtendere wamtendere. Nthano imanena kuti mfumu inachita mwambo umenewu poyamba m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Anapempha milunguyi kuti ikhale mwamtendere mdzikoli, ndipo atapanga zida zitatu, adawagwedeza kwambiri. Kuyambira pamenepo, chikondwererocho chakhala phwando la pachaka, lomwe linatsatiridwa ndi zipolopolo zonse.
Kuyambira pa kuwombera, kavalo akudumpha, sizaphweka kugunda chingwe cha pafupifupi masentimita makumi asanu ndi makumi asanu mpaka makumi asanu. Mwa miyambo, zolingazi zimayikidwa pamtunda wofanana wina ndi mzake pamtunda wa mamita 218. Zonse zimachitika pansi pa nkhondo ya ng'oma. Ofuula amatsagana ndi ophika mfuti, ndipo onse amavala zovala zamilandu.
Koma kuti mupeze chithunzi chonse cha ulemerero wa feudal Japan, muyenera kupita ku Didai Matsuri, yomwe ikuchitikira ku Kyoto pa October 22. Mbali yake yayikulu ndi ndondomeko yotengera mtengo, omwe amavala nawo malinga ndi nyengo zosiyana siyana. Dzina la holide likutanthauzidwa kuti "Phwando la Nthawi". Ndi umodzi wa "wamng'ono kwambiri" Matsuri maulendo ku Japan, choyamba unachitikira mu 1895 kuwonetsa zaka 1100 za kukhazikitsidwa kwa likulu mumzinda wa Kyoto. Kuphatikizidwa ndi ngoma ndi zitoliro kuchokera m'munda wa mfumu kumka ku Heian kachisi zimayendetsa gulu la anthu zikwi ziwiri. Ikutambasula makilomita oposa awiri. Chokongoletsera chachikulu cha chiwonetsero - wophunzira wa geisha ndi mkazi wovala mwambo wamakono. Zimatengera pafupifupi makilomita asanu, pomwe omvera akuyamikira anthu oposa mazana zikwi.
Pali zikondwerero khumi ndi ziwiri za mbiri yakale yomwe ili ndi maonekedwe a chaka, ndipo akukonzekera, choyamba, osati kwa alendo, koma kwa iwo okha. Ili ndilo chifukwa chodzikondweretsa ndi zosangalatsa, ndipo zina - pa holide yokha ya matsouri ku Japan samalola kuiwala zomwe zinali dzulo zenizeni, ndipo lero pang'onopang'ono kukhala mbiriyakale.